Month: December 2025

1. Course Overview
   · Exam Name: UPSC Indian Economic Service (IES) / Indian Statistical Service (ISS) Examination
   · Conducting Authority: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
   · Exam Level: National
   · Recruitment Year: 2025
   · Mode of Examination: Offline (Written), Viva Voce
   · Total Stages: 2
   · Total Papers: 8 (6 for IES, 2 General Studies for ISS) + 4 (Statistics Papers for ISS)
   · Total Marks: 1300 (1100 for ISS)
   · Negative Marking: Not applicable for descriptive papers.
   · Source Documents Used: Official UPSC IES/ISS Examination Notification 2025; Corroborative syllabus outlines from Rau’s IAS Economics Division and Sancheti IAS.
2. Stage-wise Examination Structure (Summary Only)
   · Stage I: Written Examination
   o General Studies Paper — Descriptive, 100 Marks, 3 Hours (Common for IES & ISS)
   o Economics Papers (IES):
   Paper-I (General Economics-I) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-II (General Economics-II) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-III (General Economics-III) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-IV (Indian Economics) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   o Statistics Papers (ISS):
   Paper-II (Statistics-I) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-III (Statistics-II) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-IV (Statistics-III) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   Paper-V (Statistics-IV) — Descriptive, 200 Marks, 3 Hours
   · Stage II: Viva Voce
   o Type: Interview / Personality & Subject Knowledge Assessment
   o Marks: 200
3. Exam Summary (Auto-Generated)
   · Total Stages: 2
   · Total Written Papers: 6 (IES), 6 (ISS)
   · Descriptive Papers: 6 (IES), 6 (ISS)
   · Viva Voce Marks: 200
   · Grand Total Marks: 1300 (IES: 1100 Written + 200 Viva), 1100 (ISS: 900 Written + 200 Viva)

1. Course Overview
   · Exam Name: Indian Forest Service Examination (IFSE)
   · Conducting Authority: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
   · Exam Level: All India
   · Recruitment Year: 2025
   · Mode of Examination: Offline (Pen & Paper)
   · Total Stages: 3
   · Total Papers: 8 (Written)
   · Total Marks: 1700
   · Negative Marking: Applicable in Preliminary Examination only
   · Source Documents Used: Official UPSC IFSE Notification & Syllabus; Corroborated with public materials from national coaching institutes.
2. Stage-wise Examination Structure (Summary Only)
   · Stage I: Preliminary Examination
   o Paper I: General Studies, Objective, 200 Marks, 2 Hours
   o Paper II: Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT), Objective, 200 Marks, 2 Hours
   · Stage II: Main Examination
   o Paper I: General English, Descriptive, 300 Marks, 3 Hours
   o Paper II: General Knowledge, Descriptive, 300 Marks, 3 Hours
   o Paper III, IV, V, VI: Optional Subjects (2 subjects, 2 papers each), Descriptive, 200 Marks per paper, 3 Hours per paper
   · Stage III: Personality Test / Interview
   o Type: Interview / Personality Assessment
   o Marks: 300
3. Exam Summary (Auto-Generated)
   · Total Stages: 3
   · Total Written Papers: 8
   · Objective Papers: 2
   · Descriptive Papers: 6
   · Interview Marks: 300
   · Grand Total Marks: 1700

UGC-NET – Paper II: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY (Code: 105)
Exam Cycle: [Year]
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COURSE OVERVIEW
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Subject Name: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Subject Code: 105
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)

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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda
Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda
Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya
Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana
Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia
Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology and Immunology
Unit 7: Genetics, Asymptoms, Cell and Molecular Biology
Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology
Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship
Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics

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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda

Topic 1: Vedic origin & chronological development of Āyurveda
Topic 2: Āyurveda and various schools
Topic 3: Understanding and relevance of asṭāṅga āyurveda
Topic 4: Basic Texts and commentaries of Āyurveda
Topic 5: Contribution of commentators to Āyurveda
Topic 6: Introduction to brhattrayī and its importance
Topic 7: Introduction to laghutrayī and its importance
Topic 8: Basic understanding of niṣḥanṭu and kosa of Āyurveda
Topic 9: Contribution of contemporary publications in Āyurveda
Topic 10: Government initiatives for development of Āyurveda

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Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda

Topic 1: āyu – laksana, paryāya, paribhāṣā and pramāṇa
Topic 2: Definitions of šarīra, jñānendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, ahamkāra, ātmā
Topic 3: lokapuruṣa sāmya siddhānta, ekadhātu purusa, saddhātuja purusa, caturvinṣati tatvātmaka purusa and their relevance
Topic 4: Definitions of Ayurveda – hitāyu – ahitāyu, sukhāyu – dukhāyu, trisūtra āyurveda – hetu lirḥga-auṣadha-jñāna svastha ātura
Topic 5: svāsthya laksana – Dimensions of Health Corresponding to nature, prakrti, rtucaryā, dinacaryā, svasthavṛtta
Topic 6: pamcamahābhūta – ākāśa-vāyu-agni-jala-prthvī and their specific properties
Topic 7: Theories of sāmānya and višeṣa
Topic 8: padārtha – theories of dravya-guna-karma-sāmānya-viṣeṣa-samavāya
Topic 9: doṣa – šarīrika and mānasika
Topic 10: Introduction to dhātu, mala, agni and srotas

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Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya

Topic 1: Introduction to šarīra racanā kriyā
Topic 2: garbhašarīra (fetal development) – šukra, ārtava, garbhādhāna, garbha and māsānumāsika garbha
Topic 3: Introduction to šarīra pramāṇa, samkhyā šarīra, aṅga-pratyaṅga-kosṭhāṅga and āśaya
Topic 4: Introduction to deha prakrti and mānasa prakrti
Topic 5: Introduction to dosa, sapta dhātu and mala vijñāna
Topic 6: Definition and types of – asthi, sandhi, snāyu, pešī, parva and kanḍarā
Topic 7: Definition, types and numbers of srotas, dhamanī, śirā and nāḍī
Topic 8: ojas and its importance
Topic 9: Definition of agni and types – jatharāgni, dhātvāgni and bhūtāgni
Topic 10: marma – Definition and types

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Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana

Topic 1: padartha – Definition and types – saptapadartha
Topic 2: Definition and types of pramā, prameya, pramātā, pramāṇa and pramāṇa catusṭaya
Topic 3: pramāṇa – Definition and types – ἄptopadeša, pratyakṣa, anumāna and yukti pramāṇa
Topic 4: Origin of dravya, Definition and types – kārana and kārya dravya
Topic 5: ausadha and āhāra dravya, āyusya – anāyusya dravya
Topic 6: Basic concept of rasa pañcaka
Topic 7: dravya – nāma-rūpa-guna-karma-yoga-prayoga-samyoga vijñāna
Topic 8: Basic concept, classification, and application guna, vīrya and vipāka
Topic 9: Basic concept of karma and its classification
Topic 10: dravya in accordance with karma and its uses in health and disease

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Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia

Topic 1: Rasa Shastra and bhaigajya Kalpana:
• Origin and Development of rasa šāstra and bhaigajya kalpanā
• rasa – Definition, Types of rasa šodhana prakāra and samskāra
• uparasa sādhārana rasa, ratna, and uparatna, – Definition; Types of šodhana and mārapa
• Principles of ausadha nirmāṇa, jāraṇa, māraṇa, satvapātana, nirvāpa and āvāpa
• Basic concept of bhaigajya kalpanā
• rasašālā – Conventional and Contemporary aspects, Good Collection Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices
• Basic Pharmaceutical dosage forms and Secondary dosage forms of āyurveda
• Definition of pufa, its types and use in various pharmaceutical forms
• ausadha sevana kāla and ausadha sevana mārga

Topic 2: Pharmacopeia:
• Āyurvedic Pharmacopeia of India (API) – Introduction, development and importance
• Āyurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) – Introduction, development and importance
• Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 in relation to ASU Drugs and Standardization of ASU drugs
• Extra-pharmacopoeial drugs (Anukta dravya) not finding place in Ayurvedic Classics
• Knowledge of pharmaco-vigilance in Āyurveda and conventional system of medicine
• Pharmacogenomics of active compounds of Āyurveda and multi-omics approach

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Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology and Immunology

Topic 1: Disease Biology:
• Definition of disease, Etiology and Pathology
• Congenital and Acquired diseases
• Communicable and Non-communicable diseases
• Genetic and Epigenetic factors in health and diseases
• Autoimmune diseases and Lifestyle disorders
• Deficiency and Metabolic diseases
• Psychological disorders
• Benign tumors and various types of cancers

Topic 2: Microbiology:
• Historical perspectives of Microbiology, Immunization, Epidemics and Pandemics
• Antimicrobial resistance, Immune response by microorganisms, Sterilization and disinfection
• Microbial Diversity and Physiology
• Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and Microbiome
• Microorganisms isolation and characterization, culture media
• Environmental microflora, Bio-remediation, Dairy microbiology, Indicator organisms and tests and water borne diseases
• Genetic Recombination, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction

Topic 3: Immunology:
• Role of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins in immune mechanisms
• Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen recognition by T cell and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation and MHC/HLA complex
• Antigen antibody reactions, Innate immune cells, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and Complement system
• Natural and Acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity and toxicity and cytokines
• Immunopathology and autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and allergy, Immunomodulators
• Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell isolation, flow cytometry and Immunotherapy
• History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, Virus-Like Particles, adjuvants and their role in vaccine

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Unit 7: Genetics, Asymptoms, Cell and Molecular Biology

Topic 1: Genetics and Ayurgenomics:
• Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Historical Perspectives of Genetics
• Human genome and its evolution
• Exploring genotype to phenotype correlation, Multi-OMIC and its correlation with dosa-prakyti and medicinal plants
• Basics of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its role in health, diseases and adaptation including drug response
• Population genomics, Disease genomics, Pharmaco-genomics, Nutrigenomics, and scientific approaches and initiatives towards discovery of biomarkers
• Approach, limitation and challenges in discovery, development and delivery of P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory and Promotive) medicinal aspects of Āyurveda

Topic 2: Cell and Molecular Biology:
• Plant and animal cells – Structure and Function
• Early evidences and Experiments of DNA as the genetic material, Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Chargaff’s rule
• Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA; types of RNAs, Concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotic genes, C-value paradox, Triplexes, quadruplexes and aptamers
• DNA replication-conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive models, DNA replicative enzymes and mechanisms of DNA replication
• Types of gene mutations – base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor and lethal mutations; DNA damage and repair mechanisms
• Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic gene, structure and functions of RNA polymerase and its subunits
• Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression and regulation in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, Post-transcriptional modifications and Operon concept
• Basic concepts of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

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Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology

Topic 1: Physiology:
• Fundamentals of human physiology and cellular function
• Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism
• Respiratory and Circulatory Systems – Breathing and exchange of gases, Body fluids and circulation
• Nervous Systems – Central and Autonomic nervous system, Neurophysiology and Cerebrospinal fluids
• Excretory and Endocrine Systems – Excretory products and their elimination from the body, acid-base regulation, Endocrine glands and Hormonal functions
• Reproductive System – Human reproductive physiology and Embryonic development
• Voluntary and Involuntary movements and their coordination

Topic 2: Biochemistry:
• Concept of atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry and their importance in biological systems
• Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism
• Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with lipid metabolism, Lipidomics
• Chemistry and metabolism of Proteins and Amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Mechanisms and specificity of Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors, Disorders associated with protein and amino acid metabolism, proteomics
• Heme synthesis and disorders
• Structure, function and metabolisms of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

Topic 3: Nanotechnology:
• Physical properties and types of the nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of various basic pharmaceutical forms of Ayurveda and Green nanotechnology
• Synthesis of nanomaterials using different methods, Molecular basis of biosynthesis of nanomaterials, assessment of plant, animal and mineral-based drugs for nanomaterials
• Characterizations of nanoparticles – transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluroscence microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV – visible absorption; photoluminescence; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS)
• Nanomaterials in bio-sensors and other applications and Interaction of nanomaterials
• Molecular basis of nano-formulations

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Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship

Topic 1: Biodiversity and Environmental Health:
• Biodiversity of Medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of environmental health, Pathways for synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and their uses
• Pharmacological properties of secondary and active metabolites of medicinal plants used in Ayurveda
• Concept of ecosystem, structure, function and types of ecosystem, energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession
• Biodiversity and its conservation, Levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots, India as a megabiodiversity nation
• Renewable and non-renewable biological resources and their importance in longevity of life
• Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its impact on indigenous knowledge

Topic 2: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):
• Concept, meaning and types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, nature, philosophy and importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP) and legal framework of IPR
• Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bio-prospecting, benefits to national economy, conservation of environment, protection of livelihood of TK stake- holders, TKS and innovation in Indian medicine system
• Introduction to the Indian patent office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations – Patents Act of India (1970); Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and Geographical Indication Act 1999 etc. with respect to TKS
• The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS – Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) through World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
• WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); FAO; Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing

Topic 3: Entrepreneurship:
• Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial traits, and Entrepreneur versus Manager, Entrepreneurial decision processes, Ethical, Legal and Socio-cultural responsibilities
• Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in relation to food and drugs of Ayurveda for wellness
• Innovations and new ideas in Ayurveda R&D, Product planning, development and troubleshooting, Types of Ayurveda industries and manufacturing, and Competitive dynamics between the sub-industries
• Entrepreneurship development programs of public and private agencies (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), Challenges in Ayurveda industry and decision-making, Patenting and Commercialization strategies
• Laboratory to market – strategies and processes of negotiation with financiers, government and regulatory authorities, Pricing strategy, challenges in marketing in Ayurveda business, Distribution channels, supply chain, Analysis and management of customer needs
• Business preparation including statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility study, Financial management in capital procurement and cost management, Collaborations and partnership

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Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics

Topic 1: Research Methodology:
• Research Methodologies and Bioethics in Ayurveda
• Fundamental principles-based research in Ayurveda
• Food and drug-based research in Ayurveda
• Pre-clinical and Clinical trials – types, protocol designing and data management in accordance with the principles of Ayurveda.
• Various extraction methods of plant materials, Concept of polarity for extraction and Solvents used for the extraction
• Purification of bioactive compounds through various chromatographic methods
• Identification of Functional Groups in Phytochemicals

Topic 2: Biostatistics:
• Average, Mean, Mode, Median; Descriptive statistics, Various Statistical tests of significance and Analysis of variance
• Power and sample size calculation and Basic Principles of Statistical Inference
• Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and Survival analysis
• Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics
• Types of data and its classification, multi-dimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment to data, matrices, eigen values and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition.
• Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Topic 3: Ayurveda-informatics:
• Chronological Development of Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industries
• Government policies and initiatives for the development of Ayurveda as traditional System of Medicine of India for the wellbeing of the world
• Ordinance, Rules and Regulations in the manufacturing of quality, safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic drugs for the consumers
• Review of important modern works on classical medicinal plants published by Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Govt of India
• Important organizations of Ayurveda – National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia commission, National Medicinal Plants Board and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), etc
• Research publication portals in Ayurveda and contemporary medical science – DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Centre and Research Management Informatic System
• Use of modern technology to confirm the various fundamental principles, drug research and development for communicable and non-communicable diseases
• Health informatics in Ayurveda in present global scenario

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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination

• Total Questions: 100
• Total Marks: 200
• Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• Negative Marking: No
• Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
• Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)

Additional Notes (if any):

• [Text not found in source]

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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 63
Subject: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Subject Code: 105
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”

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UGC-NET – Paper II: International and Area Studies (Code: 90)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Subject Name: International and Area Studies
Subject Code: 90
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – International and Area Studies
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)

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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: International and Area Studies: Concepts, Theories and Approaches:
Unit II: Evolution of International Relations and Area Studies.
Unit III: Contemporary World Order.
Unit IV: Conflict, Security and Peace: National and International.
Unit V: International Organisations and Global Governance.
Unit VI: India’s Foreign Policy.
Unit VII: South Asia and Indo-Pacific Region.
Unit VIII: Central Asia, West Asia and Africa.
Unit IX: Europe and Erstwhile Soviet Union/Russia.
Unit X: The Americas.

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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: International and Area Studies: Concepts, Theories and Approaches:

Topic 1: Major concepts, scope and nature of International Relations and Area Studies:
• Major concepts
• scope and nature of International Relations and Area Studies

Topic 2: Theories: Realist, Liberal, Marxist and Critical Theories of IR and Area Studies:
• Theories
• Realist
• Liberal
• Marxist
• Critical Theories of IR and Area Studies

Topic 3: Approaches: Western and Non-Western:
• Approaches
• Western
• Non-Western

Topic 4: Power Politics: Balance of Power, Geopolitics, Bi polarity, Unipolarity, Multi polarity and Polycentrism:
• Power Politics
• Balance of Power
• Geopolitics
• Bi polarity
• Unipolarity
• Multi polarity
• Polycentrism

Topic 5: State and Non-State Actors in IR and Area Studies:
• State and Non-State Actors in IR and Area Studies

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Unit II: Evolution of International Relations and Area Studies.

Topic 1: Emergence of nation states and nationalism:
• Emergence of nation states and nationalism

Topic 2: Pre-World War I International System:
• Pre-World War I International System

Topic 3: Inter-War Period:
• Inter-War Period

Topic 4: Post-World War II Period (Cold War):
• Post-World War II Period (Cold War)

Topic 5: Decolonisation, Global South and International Politics:
• Decolonisation
• Global South and International Politics

Topic 6: Post-Cold War International Relations:
• Post-Cold War International Relations

Topic 7: Impact of Globalisation:
• Impact of Globalisation

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Unit III: Contemporary World Order.

Topic 1: Changing Patterns of World Order: Unipolarity, Bipolarity, Multipolarity and Polycentrism:
• Changing Patterns of World Order
• Unipolarity
• Bipolarity
• Multipolarity
• Polycentrism

Topic 2: Role of Major Powers: US, Russia, China, Japan, India and EU:
• Role of Major Powers
• US
• Russia
• China
• Japan
• India
• EU

Topic 3: Globality, Globalism and Globalisation:
• Globality
• Globalism
• Globalisation

Topic 4: Democratisation and the World Order:
• Democratisation and the World Order

Topic 5: Science, Technology and Global Order:
• Science, Technology and Global Order

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Unit IV: Conflict, Security and Peace: National and International.

Topic 1: Concepts, components and models of National and International Security:
• Concepts, components and models of National and International Security

Topic 2: Evolution of Strategic Thoughts: Kautilya, Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Antonio Jomini, Carl von Clausewitz, H. Mackinder, A.T. Mahan, G. Douhet, William Mitchell, Alexander de Seversky, H. Kissinger:
• Evolution of Strategic Thoughts
• Kautilya
• Sun Tzu
• Machiavelli
• Antonio Jomini
• Carl von Clausewitz
• H. Mackinder
• A.T. Mahan
• G. Douhet
• William Mitchell
• Alexander de Seversky
• H. Kissinger

Topic 3: Evolution of Strategic Doctrines: Massive Retaliation, Deterrence, Flexible Response, Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), NMD:
• Evolution of Strategic Doctrines
• Massive Retaliation
• Deterrence
• Flexible Response
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
• Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
• NMD

Topic 4: Evolution of India’s Security Policies and Nuclear and Maritime Doctrines:
• Evolution of India’s Security Policies and Nuclear and Maritime Doctrines

Topic 5: New Modes of Warfare: Conventional, Low Intensity Conflicts, Information and Communication warfare, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare, Revolution in Military Affairs:
• New Modes of Warfare
• Conventional
• Low Intensity Conflicts
• Information and Communication warfare
• Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare
• Revolution in Military Affairs

Topic 6: Non-Traditional Security Threats: Food and Health Security, Energy Security, Environmental Security, Gender Security, Human Security, Cyber Security and Terrorism:
• Non-Traditional Security Threats
• Food and Health Security
• Energy Security
• Environmental Security
• Gender Security
• Human Security
• Cyber Security
• Terrorism

Topic 7: Conflict Resolution and Peace, Arms Control and Disarmament:
• Conflict Resolution and Peace
• Arms Control and Disarmament

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Unit V: International Organisations and Global Governance.

Topic 1: Role of International Organisations in International Peace and Security, Development cooperation and Democratisation:
• Role of International Organisations in International Peace and Security, Development cooperation and Democratisation

Topic 2: United Nations: Role, Relevance, and Reforms:
• United Nations
• Role, Relevance, and Reforms

Topic 3: Global Governance: Issues and Challenges of global commons:
• Global Governance
• Issues and Challenges of global commons

Topic 4: Regional and Sub-regional Organisations:
• Regional and Sub-regional Organisations

Topic 5: Impact of Globalisation:
• Impact of Globalisation

Topic 6: International Law as an instrument of global governance:
• International Law as an instrument of global governance

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Unit VI: India’s Foreign Policy.

Topic 1: Evolution of Objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy:
• Evolution of Objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy

Topic 2: India’s Relations with Neighbourhood and Extended Neighbourhood:
• India’s Relations with Neighbourhood and Extended Neighbourhood

Topic 3: India and Major Powers: US, Russia, China, Japan, and EU:
• India and Major Powers
• US
• Russia
• China
• Japan
• EU

Topic 4: India’s Look East and Act East Policy:
• India’s Look East and Act East Policy

Topic 5: India’s Engagement with International and Regional Organisations:
• India’s Engagement with International and Regional Organisations

Topic 6: Role of India’s Soft Power in its Foreign Policy:
• Role of India’s Soft Power in its Foreign Policy

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Unit VII: South Asia and Indo-Pacific Region.

Topic 1: Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting:
• Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting

Topic 2: Colonialism, nationalism and independence movements:
• Colonialism
• nationalism and independence movements

Topic 3: Nation building, state building and challenges to democratization:
• Nation building
• state building and challenges to democratization

Topic 4: Post-Independence developments: Political Regimes:
• Post-Independence developments
• Political Regimes

Topic 5: Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security:
• Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security

Topic 6: Regional Territorial and Maritime Issues, Role of Extra-regional Powers:
• Regional Territorial and Maritime Issues
• Role of Extra-regional Powers

Topic 7: Regional Trade, Development Cooperation and Strategic Partnership: IORA, SAARC, ASEAN, ARF, APEC, BIMSTEC, Mekong-Ganga Cooperation etc:
• Regional Trade, Development Cooperation and Strategic Partnership
• IORA
• SAARC
• ASEAN
• ARF
• APEC
• BIMSTEC
• Mekong-Ganga Cooperation etc

Topic 8: Impact of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG):
• Impact of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG)

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Unit VIII: Central Asia, West Asia and Africa.

Topic 1: Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting:
• Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting

Topic 2: Colonialism, nationalism and independence movements:
• Colonialism
• nationalism and independence movements

Topic 3: Nation building, state building and challenges to democratization:
• Nation building
• state building and challenges to democratization

Topic 4: Post-Independence developments: Political Regimes:
• Post-Independence developments
• Political Regimes

Topic 5: Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security:
• Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security

Topic 6: Regional conflicts and issues and role of extra-regional powers:
• Regional conflicts and issues and role of extra-regional powers

Topic 7: Regional Trade, Development Cooperation and Strategic Partnership:
• Regional Trade, Development Cooperation and Strategic Partnership

Topic 8: Impact of Globalisation:
• Impact of Globalisation

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Unit IX: Europe and Erstwhile Soviet Union/Russia.

Topic 1: Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting:
• Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting

Topic 2: Nationalism, Industrial Revolution and State building:
• Nationalism
• Industrial Revolution and State building

Topic 3: Europe between two World Wars:
• Europe between two World Wars

Topic 4: Alliances and Accords in Europe: NATO, WARSAW PACT, Helsinki Accord, EU etc:
• Alliances and Accords in Europe
• NATO
• WARSAW PACT
• Helsinki Accord
• EU etc

Topic 5: Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security, Migration refugees and Ethnic Problems:
• Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security
• Migration refugees and Ethnic Problems

Topic 6: Trade, Development cooperation and Strategic Partnerships:
• Trade, Development cooperation and Strategic Partnerships

Topic 7: Role of US in Europe:
• Role of US in Europe

Topic 8: Impact of Globalisation:
• Impact of Globalisation

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Unit X: The Americas.

Topic 1: Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting:
• Geopolitical and Geostrategic setting

Topic 2: Colonialism, Nationalism and Independence Movements:
• Colonialism
• Nationalism and Independence Movements

Topic 3: Nation building, state building and challenges to democratization:
• Nation building
• state building and challenges to democratization

Topic 4: Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security:
• Internal and External Threats to State Security and Human Security

Topic 5: Regional conflicts and Issues: Role of US and Extra-regional Powers:
• Regional conflicts and Issues
• Role of US and Extra-regional Powers

Topic 6: Regional trade, development cooperation and strategic partnership:
• Regional trade, development cooperation and strategic partnership

Topic 7: Globalisation and its impact:
• Globalisation and its impact

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination

• Total Questions: 100
• Total Marks: 200
• Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• Negative Marking: No
• Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
• Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)

Additional Notes (if any):

• [No additional notes provided in source]

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

SYLLABUS SUMMARY
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 68
Subject: International and Area Studies
Subject Code: 90
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

UGC-NET – Paper II: Indian Knowledge System (Code: 103)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

COURSE OVERVIEW
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Subject Name: Indian Knowledge System
Subject Code: 103
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – Indian Knowledge System
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer-Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit 1: Indian Philosophical Systems – part (a):
Unit 2: Indian Philosophical Systems – part (b):
Unit 3: Astronomy:
Unit 4: Health and Well-being:
Unit 5: Architecture:
Unit 6: Mathematics:
Unit 7: Chemistry and Metallurgy:
Unit 8: Life sciences, agriculture and ecology:
Unit 9: Kala:
Unit 10: Ancient India and World:

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit 1: Indian Philosophical Systems – part (a):

Topic 1: Caturdaśa vidyāsthāna-s: 14 branches of learning in ancient India- purāṇa, nyāya, mīmānisā, dharmasāstra, six vedānga-s: (śikṣā, vyākarana, nirukta,chanda, jyotisa, kalpa) and four Veda-s- īgyeda, yajurveda, sāmaveda and atharvaveda; introductory information on them.
• purāṇa
• nyāya
• mīmānisā
• dharmasāstra
• six vedānga-s
• śikṣā
• vyākarana
• nirukta
• chanda
• jyotisa
• kalpa
• four Veda-s
• īgyeda
• yajurveda
• sāmaveda
• atharvaveda

Topic 2: Upaveda-s; introductory information on them.
• Upaveda-s

Topic 3: śāstra-s and some introductory information on them.
• śāstra-s

Topic 4: 18 purāṇāsa-s, their names and five general characteristics of purāṇa-s – sarga, pratisarga, vamśa, manvantara and vamśānucarita.
• 18 purāṇāsa-s
• sarga
• pratisarga
• vamśa
• manvantara
• vamśānucarita

Topic 5: Vedāng-s, their names, objectives, scientific nature and some details.
• Vedāng-s

Topic 6: Phonetics and grammar, scientific nature of pronunciation of sarīiskṯta and other Indian languages.
• Phonetics
• grammar
• scientific nature of pronunciation
• sarīiskṯta
• other Indian languages

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Unit 2: Indian Philosophical Systems – part (b):

Topic 1: Indian preaching on dharma, artha and Society, bhagavadgūā, arthaśāstra, gurukula systems, nālandā, takṣaśilā, vikramaśilā etc.
• dharma
• artha
• Society
• bhagavadgūā
• arthaśāstra
• gurukula systems
• nālandā
• takṣaśilā
• vikramaśilā

Topic 2: The following topics in this unit are to be studied: (a) Introduction to the subject; (b) texts, authors and their contribution.
• Introduction to the subject
• texts
• authors and their contribution

Topic 3: nāstika daršana : cārvāka, jaina and bauddha daršana
• _nāstika daršana
• cārvāka
• jaina daršana
• bauddha daršana

Topic 4: āstika daršana: nyāya-vaišēṣika, sānikhya and yōga, pūrvamīmānsā and uttaramīmānsā (vēdānta).
• āstika daršana
• nyāya-vaišēṣika
• sānikhya
• yōga
• pūrvamīmānsā
• uttaramīmānsā
• _(vēdānta)

Topic 5: Ancient Indian _gurukula System: nālandā, takṣaśilā, vikramaśilā, valabhī, ödantapurī, mithilā, kāncī, nādiyā, puspagiri, nágārjunakōṁḍā, śāradāpīṭha (kāśmīra), ujjain, jagaddala aura sōmapura.
• Ancient Indian _gurukula System
• nālandā
• takṣaśilā
• vikramaśilā
• valabhī
• ödantapurī
• mithilā
• kāncī
• nādiyā
• puspagiri
• nágārjunakōṁḍā
• śāradāpīṭha (kāśmīra)
• ujjain
• jagaddala aura sōmapura

Topic 6: Tarkaśāstra: pramāṇa-s; pratyaksa, amımana, upamāna, šabda, arthāpatti and anupalabdhi, pramātā, pramāṇa, prameya and pramā- svātalpramanya and paratalı pramānya
• Tarkaśāstra
• _pramāṇa-s
• pratyaksa
• amımana
• upamāna
• šabda
• arthāpatti
• anupalabdhi
• pramātā
• pramāṇa
• prameya
• pramā- svātalpramanya
• paratalı _pramānya

Topic 7: Powers of words: abhidhā, lakṣanā, vyañjanā, tātparya,
• Powers of words
• abhidhā
• lakṣanā
• vyañjanā
• tātparya

Topic 8: Cause and fallacies- Hetu-lakṣana and hervabhāsa lakṣana
• Cause and fallacies
• Hetu-lakṣana
• hervabhāsa lakṣana

Topic 9: Paneca adhikarana System-visaya, samśaya, pūrvapakṣa, uttarapakṣa and sampati
• _Paneca adhikarana System
• visaya
• samśaya
• pūrvapakṣa
• uttarapakṣa
• sampati

Topic 10: _Dharma, artha and Society: Four puruṣārtha- dharma, artha, kāma and mokṣa. Definitions of each of the puruṣārth-s and meaning of dharma- Root and derivation of the word dharma. dharma: Definitions and Meanings from various texts (mahābhārata, manusmṛti, vaišeṣika sūtra ). kāmya, nitya, nisiddha, naimititka, prāyaścita & upāsamā. Meaning of the word artha- puruṣārtha; Root and derivation and meaning. Societal outlook for ārthayātrā, festivals, saptapurī, 12 jyotirlinga-s and unity of India
• _Dharma, artha and Society
• Four puruṣārtha
• dharma
• artha
• kāma
• mokṣa
• Definitions of each of the puruṣārth-s
• meaning of _dharma
• Root and derivation of the word _dharma
• dharma: Definitions and Meanings from various texts
• mahābhārata
• manusmṛti
• vaišeṣika sūtra
• kāmya
• nitya
• nisiddha
• naimititka
• prāyaścita
• upāsamā
• Meaning of the word artha- puruṣārtha
• Root and derivation and meaning
• Societal outlook for ārthayātrā
• festivals
• saptapurī
• 12 jyotirlinga-s
• unity of India

Topic 11: Bhagavadgiā: bhagavadgiā chapter no. 16-datvī and āsurī sampat
• _Bhagavadgiā
• bhagavadgiā chapter no. 16
• datvī and āsurī sampat

Topic 12: Rāmāyana: Rama’s qualities-as noted in _vālmīki rāmāyana-maryādāpurusottama Rama. Study of kaccii sarga and delineation of meaning in view of kingdom administration
• _Rāmāyana
• Rama’s qualities
• _vālmīki rāmāyana
• maryādāpurusottama Rama
• Study of kaccii sarga
• delineation of meaning in view of kingdom administration

Topic 13: Mahābhārata: mahābhārata as a storehouse of knowledge. _viduranīti and its significant preaching on rāja dharma.
• _Mahābhārata
• mahābhārata as a storehouse of knowledge
• _viduranīti
• its significant preaching on rāja dharma

Topic 14: Arthaśāstra: arthaśāstra, its significance and broad introduction to subjects dealt in arthaśāstra. Cultural underpinnings of modern statecraft such as _yogakṣema (welfare measures of polity-policy), saptānga (Seven limbs of State), ṣadguna (Six Measures of statecraft), rāja dharma (Duty of a King), rājamandala (Circle of kings), and dharma (Order) mooted in the arthaśāstra
• _Arthaśāstra
• arthaśāstra
• its significance
• broad introduction to subjects dealt in _arthaśāstra
• Cultural underpinnings of modern statecraft
• _yogakṣema (welfare measures of polity-policy)
• _saptānga (Seven limbs of State)
• _ṣadguna (Six Measures of statecraft)
• _rāja dharma (Duty of a King)
• _rājamandala (Circle of kings)
• dharma (Order)

Topic 15: Society and people: Ways as advocated in IKS texts for happiness and wellbeing of all. Concept of svasthavṛtta.
• Society and people
• Ways as advocated in IKS texts for happiness and wellbeing of all
• Concept of svasthavṛtta

Topic 16: Indian Languages and Literature: Indian Languages and their pronunciation system. Sanskrit Language and its Relation to Indian languages. Impact of Sanskrit literature on Indian languages for literary compositions. Literary masterpieces of Indian languages and their translations into World languages and names of their translators.
• Indian Languages and Literature
• Indian Languages and their pronunciation system
• Sanskrit Language and its Relation to Indian languages
• Impact of Sanskrit literature on Indian languages for literary compositions
• Literary masterpieces of Indian languages
• their translations into World languages
• names of their translators

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Unit 3: Astronomy:

Topic 1: Measures of time: Divisions of time in veda: Year, Months and days, Names of the 13 months in Taittiriya-Brahmana. The names of 12 half-months, Lunar year of 354 days, Months and intercalary months.
• Measures of time
• Divisions of time in veda
• Year
• Months and days
• Names of the 13 months in Taittiriya-Brahmana
• The names of 12 half-months
• Lunar year of 354 days
• Months
• intercalary months

Topic 2: General time measures, Modes of reckoning time, Lunar day, Solar day, Solar year, Luni-solar year, Civil day. Conversion of eras: Šaka to kali, Šaka to Jovian years, vikrama-sanwat to Kali, Kollam year to Kali.
• General time measures
• Modes of reckoning time
• Lunar day
• Solar day
• Solar year
• Luni-solar year
• Civil day
• Conversion of eras
• Šaka to kali
• Šaka to Jovian years
• vikrama-sanwat to Kali
• Kollam year to Kali

Topic 3: Indian Calendrical Systems: Pañcāñga: The five elements of the calendar, Computations Nakṣatra, Tithi, Yoga, Karana and Vāra. Nakṣatra of the Sun, Solar Calendar, Vikrama-sanwat and Śālivāhana-sanwat – National Calendar (rāṣṭrīya dinadarśikā).
• Indian Calendrical Systems
• Pañcāñga
• The five elements of the calendar
• Computations Nakṣatra
• Tithi
• Yoga
• Karana
• Vāra
• Nakṣatra of the Sun
• Solar Calendar
• Vikrama-sanwat
• Śālivāhana-sanwat
• National Calendar (rāṣṭrīya dinadarśikā)

Topic 4: Planetary Positions from Siddhāntik texts (Āryabhafiya): Computation of Ahargana, Revolution number of the planets in a Mahāyuga, Finding the Mean longitude of the planets, Mandasamskāra, Śīghrasamskāra, True longitudes of the planets. Evolution of Planetary model from Āryabhata to Nilakantha (Quasi-heliocentric model). Various algorithms to determine ayanāmśa
• Planetary Positions from Siddhāntik texts (Āryabhafiya)
• Computation of Ahargana
• Revolution number of the planets in a Mahāyuga
• Finding the Mean longitude of the planets
• Mandasamskāra
• Śīghrasamskāra
• True longitudes of the planets
• Evolution of Planetary model from Āryabhata to Nilakantha (Quasi-heliocentric model)
• Various algorithms to determine ayanāmśa

Topic 5: Planetary Positions from Karana and Vākya texts: Obtaining planetary positions in a simplified algorithms given in Karana texts such as Karanakutūhala, Grahalāghava etc. Candravākyas of Vararuci and Mādhava and Error-Correction procedure for them. Obtaining the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon using the Vākya system. Importance of Māsavākyas, Saṅkrānti-vākyas and Nakṣatra-vākyas.
• Planetary Positions from Karana and Vākya texts
• Obtaining planetary positions in a simplified algorithms given in Karana texts
• Karanakutūhala
• Grahalāghava
• Candravākyas of Vararuci and Mādhava
• Error-Correction procedure for them
• Obtaining the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon using the Vākya system
• Importance of Māsavākyas
• Saṅkrānti-vākyas
• Nakṣatra-vākyas

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Unit 4: Health and Well-being:

Topic 1: Scope: ἄγurvēdā , siddha, yōga, Folk, and Tribal Medical Practices
• Scope
• ἄγurvēdā
• siddha
• yōga
• Folk Medical Practices
• Tribal Medical Practices

Topic 2: Folk and classical streams of medical knowledge in India: folk and tribal medicine – 8000 plants, home remedies, primary health care, bone setting, traditional birth attendants, poison healers.
• Folk and classical streams of medical knowledge in India
• folk and tribal medicine
• 8000 plants
• home remedies
• primary health care
• bone setting
• traditional birth attendants
• poison healers

Topic 3: ἄγurveda: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources, regional traditions. Application of Pramānas in ἄγurveda for generation and validation of medical knowledge. Salient features – nature centric approach, person centric approach, body-mind medicine, pharmacopeia of plant, animal, and mineral sources, multi-ingredient formulations and dosage forms, multipronged approach to treatment – lifestyle, diet, and medicine, healthy aging. Foundational concepts of āyurveda – Dosadhātumalasiddhānta. Definition of health (svastha), daily routine (dinacaryā), seasonal routine (ṛtucaryā), good conduct (Sadvṛtta). Definition and classification of diseases – Ādhidaivika, Ādhyātmika, Ādhibhautika, sevenfold classification. Scope and variety of treatments in āyurveda. Eight clinical specialties of ἁyurveda. Current status of ἁyurveda in India and the World
• ἄγurveda
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• regional traditions
• Application of Pramānas in ἄγurveda for generation and validation of medical knowledge
• Salient features
• nature centric approach
• person centric approach
• body-mind medicine
• pharmacopeia of plant, animal, and mineral sources
• multi-ingredient formulations and dosage forms
• multipronged approach to treatment – lifestyle, diet, and medicine
• healthy aging
• Foundational concepts of āyurveda – Dosadhātumalasiddhānta
• Definition of health (svastha)
• daily routine (dinacaryā)
• seasonal routine (ṛtucaryā)
• good conduct (Sadvṛtta)
• Definition and classification of diseases
• Ādhidaivika
• Ādhyātmika
• Ādhibhautika
• sevenfold classification
• Scope and variety of treatments in āyurveda
• Eight clinical specialties of ἁyurveda
• Current status of ἁyurveda in India and the World

Topic 4: _Siddha: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources. Foundational concepts – Tridosa. Pulse diagnosis. Varma treatment. Herbo-mineral formulations. Concept of health and disease, Preventive Medicine. Approaches to management of diseases. Current status of the siddha system of medicine in India and the world
• _Siddha
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• Foundational concepts – Tridosa
• Pulse diagnosis
• Varma treatment
• Herbo-mineral formulations
• Concept of health and disease
• Preventive Medicine
• Approaches to management of diseases
• Current status of the siddha system of medicine in India and the world

Topic 5: Yoga: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources. Definition of yoga. _yoga as therapy for health and wellness. Aṣṭāṅga yoga. Health benefits of Āsanas. Health benefits of Prānāyāma. Health benefits of Meditation. Yogic methods of cleansing the body – ᆒatkarmas. Application of yoga as therapy in the modern world
• Yoga:
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• Definition of yoga.
• _yoga as therapy for health and wellness
• Aṣṭāṅga yoga
• Health benefits of Āsanas
• Health benefits of Prānāyāma
• Health benefits of Meditation
• Yogic methods of cleansing the body – ᆒatkarmas
• Application of yoga as therapy in the modern world

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Unit 5: Architecture:

Topic 1: _Indus Valley civilisation: Urban planning – Dholvira, Hindu Temple Architecture: – elementary concepts of nagara, drovīš and vesarā style temples.
• _Indus Valley civilisation
• Urban planning
• Dholvira
• Hindu Temple Architecture
• elementary concepts of nagara
• drovīš style temples
• vesarā style temples

Topic 2: _Brief knowledge of Ancient and medieval structures of India: buddhā and jaina temples – _udayagiri – sānēcī – sāranātha –nálandā, Rock and Cave temples- elīphaimṭā – jāgeśvarī – _ajanṭā and ellorā, himālayan Temples-kedāranātha -tungāmatha –jāgeśvara – bāleśvara.
• _Brief knowledge of Ancient and medieval structures of India
• buddhā temples
• jaina temples
• _udayagiri
• sānēcī
• sāranātha
• nálandā
• Rock and Cave temples
• elīphaimṭā
• jāgeśvarī
• _ajanṭā
• ellorā
• himālayan Temples
• kedāranātha
• tungāmatha
• jāgeśvara
• bāleśvara

Topic 3: _Ancient and medieval temples: mumdeśvarī devī temple- daśāvatāra visṇu temple, dogaraha – khajurāho temples- limgarāja temple, biubanesìvara – terākoṭā temple, visṇupura- temples of bādāmī, Aihole (cālukyāna temples)-kāñrcī and mahābalīpuram temples- cōla temples, Sun temples-kōṇārka, mōdhērā, katāramala (almōšā) and mārtanḥḍa (ananitanāga) ( only the elementary knowledge of architecture style, period and Deity)
• _Ancient and medieval temples
• mumdeśvarī devī temple
• daśāvatāra visṇu temple
• dogaraha
• khajurāho temples
• limgarāja temple
• biubanesìvara
• terākoṭā temple
• visṇupura
• temples of bādāmī
• Aihole (cālukyāna temples)
• kāñrcī temples
• mahābalīpuram temples
• cōla temples
• Sun temples
• kōṇārka
• mōdhērā
• katāramala (almōšā)
• mārtanḥḍa (ananitanāga)

Topic 4: _Ancient and medieval Indian Water storage and harvesting systems: – kallanāī dam- aḍalāja stepwell, tāinkā techniques of Rajasthan – āhāra pāīna of Bihar.
• _Ancient and medieval Indian Water storage and harvesting systems
• kallanāī dam
• aḍalāja stepwell
• tāinkā techniques of Rajasthan
• āhāra pāīna of Bihar

Topic 5: _Fundamentals of vāstu šāstra (only elementary concept )
• _Fundamentals of vāstu šāstra (only elementary concept )

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Unit 6: Mathematics:

Topic 1: Geometry in Šulbasūtras: expression for the surds given in Šulbasūtra texts. Methods for obtaining a perpendicular bisector. Construction of perpendicular bisector: cord-folding method, Bodhāyana method of constructing a square, The Bodhāyana-Pythagorean theorem
• Geometry in Šulbasūtras
• expression for the surds given in Šulbasūtra texts
• Methods for obtaining a perpendicular bisector
• Construction of perpendicular bisector: cord-folding method
• Bodhāyana method of constructing a square
• The Bodhāyana-Pythagorean theorem

Topic 2: Decimal place value system: Numbers in veda, enumeration of big numbers (koti to maha-augh, akshauhini and other named numerals) from traditional literature. Three different systems of numerations: Āryabhatan, Bhūtasaṅkhyā and Katapayādi systems
• Decimal place value system
• Numbers in veda
• enumeration of big numbers
• koti to maha-augh
• akshauhini
• other named numerals
• Three different systems of numerations
• Āryabhatan system
• Bhūtasaṅkhyā system
• Katapayādi system

Topic 3: Arithmetic and Trigonometry in Āryabhafiya and its further development: Square root and cube-roots, Āryabhata’s Sine-Table, Its modification in Tantrasangraha, Mādhava series for Sine and Cosine functions, Different methods to obtain sine values from Karanapaddhati
• Arithmetic and Trigonometry in Āryabhafiya and its further development
• Square root and cube-roots
• Āryabhata’s Sine-Table
• Its modification in Tantrasangraha
• Mādhava series for Sine and Cosine functions
• Different methods to obtain sine values from Karanapaddhati

Topic 4: Brahmagupta: Mathematics of positive, negative and zero. Solution of linear and quadratic equations. Cyclic Quadrilateral.
• Brahmagupta
• Mathematics of positive, negative and zero
• Solution of linear equations
• Solution of quadratic equations
• Cyclic Quadrilateral

Topic 5: Līlāvati: Arithmetical operations: Inversion method, rule of supposition. Solution of quadratic equations. Mixtures, Combinations, progressions. Plane figures: application of right triangles, Sticī problems. Construction of a quadrilateral, cyclic quadrilaterals, value of π, area of a circle, surface area of a sphere, volume of a sphere.
• Līlāvati
• Arithmetical operations
• Inversion method
• rule of supposition
• Solution of quadratic equations
• Mixtures
• Combinations
• progressions
• Plane figures: application of right triangles
• Sticī problems
• Construction of a quadrilateral
• cyclic quadrilaterals
• value of π
• area of a circle
• surface area of a sphere
• volume of a sphere

Topic 6: Kuttaka and continued fractions: Kuttaka method by Āryabhata and Brahmagupta. Vallyupasamhāra and Continued fraction, Vallyupasamhāra Method I and II from Karanapaddhati. Nearest-integer continued fraction in Dṛkkarapa.
• Kuttaka and continued fractions
• Kuttaka method by Āryabhata
• Kuttaka method by Brahmagupta
• Vallyupasamhāra
• Continued fraction
• Vallyupasamhāra Method I from Karanapaddhati
• Vallyupasamhāra Method II from Karanapaddhati
• Nearest-integer continued fraction in Dṛkkarapa

Topic 7: Kerala School: Mādhava series for π

End-correction (Antyasamskāra), Different fast convergent series for π

Putumana-Somayājī series, Nilakantha on the irrationality of π

Nilakantha and the notion of the sum of infinite geometric series.
• Kerala School
• Mādhava series for π
• End-correction (Antyasamskāra)
• Different fast convergent series for π
• Putumana-Somayājī series
• Nilakantha on the irrationality of π
• Nilakantha and the notion of the sum of infinite geometric series

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Unit 7: Chemistry and Metallurgy:

Topic 1: Sāṅkhya-Pātañjala system: (Prakṛti – The original constituents and their interactions; conservation of energy and transformation of energy; the doctrine of causation; principle of collocation, storing and liberation of energy; dissipation of energy and mass and their dissolution into formless prakrti, the evolution of matter; the evolution of infra-atomic unit; chemical analysis and synthesis; elements and compounds.
• Sāṅkhya-Pātañjala system
• Prakṛti – The original constituents and their interactions
• conservation of energy and transformation of energy
• the doctrine of causation
• principle of collocation
• storing and liberation of energy
• dissipation of energy and mass
• their dissolution into formless prakrti
• the evolution of matter
• the evolution of the infra-atomic unit
• chemical analysis and synthesis
• elements and compounds

Topic 2: Chemistry in the medical schools of ancient India: Physical characteristics of the Bhūtas, The Mahābhūtās, mechanical mixtures. Qualities of compounds; formation of molecular properties in chemical compounds. Chemistry of colors, measures of weight and capacity, size of the minimum visible.
• Chemistry in the medical schools of ancient India
• Physical characteristics of the Bhūtas
• The Mahābhūtās
• mechanical mixtures
• Qualities of compounds
• formation of molecular properties in chemical compounds
• Chemistry of colors
• measures of weight and capacity
• size of the minimum visible

Topic 3: Evolution of different forms of matter (Pañcīkarana) from the Vedantic view.
• Evolution of different forms of matter (Pañcīkarana) from the Vedantic view

Topic 4: The atomic theory of the Buddhists and Jains.
• The atomic theory of the Buddhists
• The atomic theory of the Jains

Topic 5: Nyāya Vaisešika chemical theory: theory of atomic combinations; chemical combinations, mono and hetero bhautika compounds, theory of dynamic contact (Viśtambha), chemical action and heat, three axes of Vācaspati (graphical representation of the constitution of a bi-bhautika compound), conception of molecular motion (parispanda)
• Nyāya Vaisešika chemical theory
• theory of atomic combinations
• chemical combinations
• mono bhautika compounds
• hetero bhautika compounds
• theory of dynamic contact (Viśtambha)
• chemical action and heat
• three axes of Vācaspati (graphical representation of the constitution of a bi-bhautika compound)
• conception of molecular motion (parispanda)

Topic 6: Ideas of chemistry as in bṛhatsainhitā: making of vajrā lepa/vajrasamghāta; gaindhayukti.
• Ideas of chemistry as in bṛhatsainhitā
• making of vajrā lepa/vajrasamghāta
• gaindhayukti

Topic 7: Metallurgical heritage: Arthaśāstra as the earliest text describing gold, silver and other metals; processing of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, mercury, lead and zinc as mentioned in the Indian texts in the ancient and medieval period. Zinc distillation as mentioned in Raśārnava and rasaratnasamukāyā.
• Metallurgical heritage
• Arthaśāstra as the earliest text describing gold, silver and other metals
• processing of gold
• processing of silver
• processing of copper
• processing of iron
• processing of tin
• processing of mercury
• processing of lead
• processing of zinc
• Zinc distillation as mentioned in Raśārnava
• Zinc distillation as mentioned in rasaratnasamukāyā

Topic 8: Concepts of acid and bases in Indian chemistry from organic fruit, vegetable based. Acids, plant-ash based bases to mineral acids of the medieval period.
• Concepts of acid and bases in Indian chemistry
• organic fruit based acids
• vegetable based acids
• plant-ash based bases
• mineral acids of the medieval period

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Unit 8: Life sciences, agriculture and ecology:

Topic 1: Scope: kṣatriya, nırgayurveda, pākaśāstra, pavitra upavana
• Scope
• kṣatriya
• nırgayurveda
• pākaśāstra
• pavitra upavana

Topic 2: Kṛṣiśāstra, vrksāyurveda: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources – upavana vinōda, Kṛṣiparāśara, Bṛhat Sannhitā, Kṛṣi Gīta. Recreational Gardens. Agriculture in ancient India. Plant diseases and their management. Pest control, manures for plants, plant grafting techniques.
• Kṛṣiśāstra
• vrksāyurveda
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• upavana vinōda
• Kṛṣiparāśara
• Bṛhat Sannhitā
• Kṛṣi Gīta
• Recreational Gardens
• Agriculture in ancient India
• Plant diseases and their management
• Pest control
• manures for plants
• plant grafting techniques

Topic 3: Mrgāyurveda: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources – Pālakāpyasamhitā, Gajāyurveda, Śālihotrasamhitā, Aśvāyurveda, Mrgapakṣiśāstra. Classification and description of animals. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• Mrgāyurveda
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• Pālakāpyasamhitā
• Gajāyurveda
• Śālihotrasamhitā
• Aśvāyurveda
• Mrgapakṣiśāstra
• Classification and description of animals
• Diagnosis of diseases
• treatment of diseases

Topic 4: Pākaśāstra: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources – Pākadarpapa, Bhojanakutūhala, Kṣemakutūhala, Pathyāpathyaviniścaya. Concept of a balanced diet. Sources and classification of food. Healthy and unhealthy combinations of foods. Healthy and balanced recipes. Methods of cooking. Customizing food according to place, seasons, and constitution of the individual. Eight factors to be considered to create a balanced diet. Right methods of eating. Unhealthy food habits.
• Pākaśāstra
• Historical development and milestones
• personalities
• textual sources
• Pākadarpapa
• Bhojanakutūhala
• Kṣemakutūhala
• Pathyāpathyaviniścaya
• Concept of a balanced diet
• Sources and classification of food
• Healthy combinations of foods
• unhealthy combinations of foods
• Healthy and balanced recipes
• Methods of cooking
• Customizing food according to place
• Customizing food according to seasons
• Customizing food according to constitution of the individual
• Eight factors to be considered to create a balanced diet
• Right methods of eating
• Unhealthy food habits

Topic 5: Sacred groves: tulasī, sandalwood, šamī, Ark, palāśa, khadira, devadāru, Betel nut, Coconut, Banana etc. About social forestry –benefits from leaves, fruits from plantation – as mentioned in famous texts. nīmba (neem), āmra, (Mango), Milk-tree-panasa (Jackfruit), aśvatthā, fig or gular, pakar (Ficus lacor) bagarāḍa; tamarind, kapittha, biivā ,aśokā amalaka, punnāga, śimśapā, saptaparna_, saptarangī, the fruit of planting these plants-general description. ἄyurvedika medicine herbs, trees and plants-arjuna, candana (sandalwood), šamī, ark, palāśa, khadira, devadāru, kutaja, ingudī, ušīra -ghāsa, visamusjtgeneral description.
• Sacred groves
• tulasī
• sandalwood
• šamī
• Ark
• palāśa
• khadira
• devadāru
• Betel nut
• Coconut
• Banana
• social forestry
• benefits from leaves
• fruits from plantation
• nīmba (neem)
• āmra, (Mango)
• Milk-tree-panasa (Jackfruit)
• aśvatthā
• fig or gular
• pakar (Ficus lacor) bagarāḍa
• tamarind
• kapittha
• biivā ,aśokā amalaka
• punnāga
• śimśapā
• saptaparna_
• saptarangī
• the fruit of planting these plants-general description
• ἄyurvedika medicine herbs, trees and plants
• arjuna
• candana (sandalwood)
• šamī
• ark
• palāśa
• khadira
• devadāru
• kutaja
• ingudī
• ušīra -ghāsa
• visamusjtgeneral description

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Unit 9: Kala:

Topic 1: Introduction to _bharata muni nātyaśāstra & abhinaya darpapa. Description of _navarasā. An account of the eight classical dances of India (bharatanātyam, mohinīatjam, kathakalī, kucipuṢī, katthaka, odisī, manipurī and satrīya).
• Introduction to _bharata muni nātyaśāstra & abhinaya darpapa
• Description of _navarasā
• An account of the eight classical dances of India
• bharatanātyam
• mohinīatjam
• kathakalī
• kucipuṢī
• katthaka
• odisī
• manipurī
• satrīya

Topic 2: Influence of _gītā govimdā, The rāmāyana and The mahābhārata on Indian dance and Indian paintings (madhubanī, patacitra, pahāṢ, kāñīgaṢā).
• Influence of _gītā govimdā on Indian dance
• Influence of The rāmāyana on Indian dance
• Influence of The mahābhārata on Indian dance
• Influence on Indian paintings
• madhubanī
• patacitra
• pahāṢ
• kāñīgaṢā

Topic 3: Classification of Indian classical music (hindustānī and Carnatic), Major styles associated with hindustānī classical music (dhrupada, khyāla, tarānā) and Carnatic Music (varnamasa and krijisa). An overview of the tāla system and laya.
• Classification of Indian classical music
• hindustānī classical music
• Carnatic classical music
• Major styles associated with hindustānī classical music
• dhrupada
• khyāla
• tarānā
• Carnatic Music styles
• varnamasa
• krijisa
• An overview of the tāla system
• laya

Topic 4: Introduction to the term folk, tribal and modern art forms of India. A general overview on the socio-economic background of the practiced folk, tribal, traditional, ritualistic performances (dance, music, storytelling and theater).
• Introduction to the term folk art forms of India
• tribal art forms of India
• modern art forms of India
• A general overview on the socio-economic background of the practiced folk performances
• tribal performances
• traditional performances
• ritualistic performances
• dance
• music
• storytelling
• theater

Topic 5: Introduction to regional theatrical practice- kūḍiyāṭṭama, yaksagānā, chau, jātrā, laiharāobā, theyyama, āmkie nāta, pamḍavānī, cimdū bhagavatā, bhāṃḍa, jaśna and others. Impact of traditional texts on art forms.
• Introduction to regional theatrical practice
• kūḍiyāṭṭama
• yaksagānā
• chau
• jātrā
• laiharāobā
• theyyama
• āmkie nāta
• pamḍavānī
• cimdū bhagavatā
• bhāṃḍa
• jaśna
• others
• Impact of traditional texts on art forms

Topic 6: Classification of Indian puppetry (kataputalī, tholū bomlatā, rāvana chāyā, tolpāvaktīthū), influence of pancatanṇṭrama on puppetry tradition.
• Classification of Indian puppetry
• kataputalī
• tholū bomlatā
• rāvana chāyā
• tolpāvaktīthū
• influence of pancatanṇṭrama on puppetry tradition

Topic 7: An account of the art forms and cultural festivals of India that are represented in the UNESCO’s ICH list and the significance of this nomination process.
• An account of the art forms and cultural festivals of India represented in the UNESCO’s ICH list
• the significance of this nomination process

Topic 8: Application of Katapayādi in _malakartā rāga nomenclature; introduction to the evolutionary stages from Caturḍanḍi to current day concert paddhati in Carnatic music.
• Application of Katapayādi in _malakartā rāga nomenclature
• introduction to the evolutionary stages from Caturḍanḍi to current day concert paddhati in Carnatic music

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Unit 10: Ancient India and World:

Topic 1: IKS Influence in the Western World (Central Asia & Europe): Influence of samskṛta on ancient European Languages and their Mythologies. Influence of Indian Philosophy on Ancient Greece Thinkers: Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, Porphyry, Neo-Platonism etc. Trade with Roman Empire and other ancient civilizations. Cultural Influence in Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Kassites, Persia, Yazidis etc.
• IKS Influence in the Western World (Central Asia & Europe)
• Influence of samskṛta on ancient European Languages
• Influence of samskṛta on ancient European Mythologies
• Influence of Indian Philosophy on Ancient Greece Thinkers
• Socrates
• Plato
• Plotinus
• Porphyry
• Neo-Platonism
• Trade with Roman Empire
• Trade with other ancient civilizations
• Cultural Influence in Mesopotamia
• Sumeria
• Kassites
• Persia
• Yazidis

Topic 2: IKS Influence in the Eastern World (South East Asia): Various Kingdoms influenced by Indian Culture: Kingdom of mātarama, pagana Kingdom (849-1297 CE) (Burma), khamera Kingdom (802-1463 CE), rajahanate oĕsebu, ayutthāya Kingdom era (1350-1767), Sri Vijaya Empire (650 – 1377 CE) etc. Indian Influence on the Geographical Names of South-East Asia. Influence of Indian Temples and Architecture : BAYON TEMPLE in Angkor (Cambodia), PURA BESAKIH (Bali, Indonesia), PRAMBANAN (Indonesia), BATU CAVES (Selangor, Malaysia), VAT PHOU (Champassak, Laos), SRI VEERAMAKALIAMMAN (Singapore), MARIAMMAN TEMPLE (Vietnam) ETC. Influence of rāmāyana and mahābhārata on paintings, theater and dance of Southeast Asia. Influence of manu smṛti on sarasāmukkāya ( the law books of Java and Bali). Influence of Sanskrit and other Indian Languages: Brahmi Script and its impact on languages of Burma, Thai, Laos, Cambodia. Laguna Copperplate (the Philippine Islands), Siddham script in Japan etc. Influence of Hindu deities:brahma, visyu, śivā, sarasvati, ganēśa, rāma, garuṣ, nāgā etc. Contact Sri Lanka and Africa: Textile, Technology, and Trade : Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Chola’s influence in Sri Lanka, Literature, Jataka Stories, Africa and Indian Textile, Stone Carvers in Africa, Inscriptions from Socotra Island. Cambodia Sanskrit inscriptions
• IKS Influence in the Eastern World (South East Asia)
• Various Kingdoms influenced by Indian Culture
• Kingdom of mātarama
• pagana Kingdom (849-1297 CE) (Burma)
• khamera Kingdom (802-1463 CE)
• rajahanate oĕsebu
• ayutthāya Kingdom era (1350-1767)
• Sri Vijaya Empire (650 – 1377 CE)
• Indian Influence on the Geographical Names of South-East Asia
• Influence of Indian Temples and Architecture
• BAYON TEMPLE in Angkor (Cambodia)
• PURA BESAKIH (Bali, Indonesia)
• PRAMBANAN (Indonesia)
• BATU CAVES (Selangor, Malaysia)
• VAT PHOU (Champassak, Laos)
• SRI VEERAMAKALIAMMAN (Singapore)
• MARIAMMAN TEMPLE (Vietnam)
• Influence of rāmāyana on paintings of Southeast Asia
• Influence of rāmāyana on theater of Southeast Asia
• Influence of rāmāyana on dance of Southeast Asia
• Influence of mahābhārata on paintings of Southeast Asia
• Influence of mahābhārata on theater of Southeast Asia
• Influence of mahābhārata on dance of Southeast Asia
• Influence of manu smṛti on sarasāmukkāya ( the law books of Java and Bali)
• Influence of Sanskrit and other Indian Languages
• Brahmi Script and its impact on languages of Burma, Thai, Laos, Cambodia
• Laguna Copperplate (the Philippine Islands)
• Siddham script in Japan
• Influence of Hindu deities
• brahma
• visyu
• śivā
• sarasvati
• ganēśa
• rāma
• garuṣ
• nāgā
• Contact Sri Lanka and Africa: Textile, Technology, and Trade
• Buddhism in Sri Lanka
• Chola’s influence in Sri Lanka
• Literature
• Jataka Stories
• Africa and Indian Textile
• Stone Carvers in Africa
• Inscriptions from Socotra Island
• Cambodia Sanskrit inscriptions

Topic 3: IKS influence on modern western thinkers: Emerson, Whitman and Thoreau, Christopher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, Joseph Campbell, Alan Watts, William Somerset Maugham. Nicholas Tesla, David Bohm, William James, Beatles, George Harrison, Turiyasangitananda. Carl Sagan, Fritjof Capra, Larry Brilliant, Ram Dass, Daniel Goleman, Patrick Geddes, Dennis Waite, Leonard Bloomfield, Steve Jobs, Mark Zukerberg, Arthur Schopenhauer. Erwin Schrödinger, Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky etc.
• IKS influence on modern western thinkers
• Emerson
• Whitman
• Thoreau
• Christopher Isherwood
• Aldous Huxley
• Joseph Campbell
• Alan Watts
• William Somerset Maugham
• Nicholas Tesla
• David Bohm
• William James
• Beatles
• George Harrison
• Turiyasangitananda
• Carl Sagan
• Fritjof Capra
• Larry Brilliant
• Ram Dass
• Daniel Goleman
• Patrick Geddes
• Dennis Waite
• Leonard Bloomfield
• Steve Jobs
• Mark Zukerberg
• Arthur Schopenhauer
• Erwin Schrödinger
• Ferdinand de Saussure
• Noam Chomsky

Topic 4: The impact of yoga on the World: philosophers who left an impact on the West – Swami Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, Sri Aurobindo, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Acharya Rajneesh, J. Krishnamurti, Swami Sivananda, BKS Iyengar, Sri Krishnamachari.
• The impact of yoga on the World
• philosophers who left an impact on the West
• Swami Vivekananda
• Paramahansa Yogananda
• Sri Aurobindo
• Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
• Acharya Rajneesh
• J. Krishnamurti
• Swami Sivananda
• BKS Iyengar
• Sri Krishnamachari

Topic 5: The impact of yoga on diverse fields: influence on Western art, culture and film from the 18th century, influence on Western literature
• The impact of yoga on diverse fields
• influence on Western art from the 18th century
• influence on Western culture from the 18th century
• influence on Western film from the 18th century
• influence on Western literature

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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination

• Total Questions: 100
• Total Marks: 200
• Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• Negative Marking: No
• Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
• Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)

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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 81
Subject: Indian Knowledge System
Subject Code: 103
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”

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UGC-NET – Paper II: Anthropology (Code: 07)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: Anthropology
Subject Code: 07
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – Anthropology
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)

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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, relationship with other sciences, different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship.
Unit II: Lamarekism, Neo-Lamarekism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution, concept of cladogenesis and anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection.
Unit III: Modern Human Variation: Typological Model, Populational Model and Clinal Model; overview of Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn and Birdsell.
Unit IV: Human Growth, development and maturation: definition, concepts.
Unit V: Concept of prehistoric archaeology; ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology.
Unit VI: Lower Palaeolithic Period in India.
Unit VII: Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology:
Unit VIII: Theories in Social Anthropology.
Unit IX: Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology.
Unit X: Concepts and Theories: Applied Anthropology, Action Anthropology, Engaged Anthropology, Experimental Anthropology, Urban Anthropology,Public Anthropology, Public Archaeology, Anthropology of Development, Medical Anthropology, Visual Anthropology, Genomic Studies, Genetic Screening and Counseling, Forensic Anthropology, Food and Nutritional Anthropology, Ergonomics, Kinanthropometry, Business Anthropology.

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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, relationship with other sciences, different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship.

Topic 1: History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, relationship with other sciences, different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship.

Topic 2: Research methodology and methods:
• Concepts of epistemology
• ontology and theoretical perspectives
• Types of research (qualitative and quantitative)
• research design
• hypothesis
• Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition
• Ethnography
• Observation
• Interview
• Case Study
• Life History
• Focus group
• PRA
• RRA
• Genealogical Method
• Schedules and Questionnaires
• Grounded Theory
• Exploration and Excavation
• GIS

Topic 3: Statistics:
• concept of variables
• sampling
• measures of central tendency and dispersion
• parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate (linear regression and logistic regression) statistical tests

Topic 4: Techniques of Analysis:
• Content analysis
• Discourse analysis and Narratives

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Unit II: Lamarekism, Neo-Lamarekism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution, concept of cladogenesis and anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection.

Topic 1: Trends in Primate radiation:
• Primate classification and distribution of extinct and extant species
• Characteristics of primates: morphological (hair)
• skeletal (cranial, post cranial, dental, brain)
• physical (opposability of thumb)
• locomotion (quadrupedalism, brachiation and bipedalism) and posture
• Primate social behaviour

Topic 2: Extant Primates:
• Distribution, characteristics and classification
• Prosimii (Tarsiioidea, Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea)
• Anthropoidea (Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea)
• Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Human, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan and Gibbon

Topic 3: Fossils of extinct Primates:
• Oligocene-Miocene fossils – Parapithecus
• Gigantopithecus
• Aegyptopithecus
• Dryopithecus
• Ramapithecus
• Sivapithecus

Topic 4: Pre-hominid groups:
• Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai)
• Orrorin tugenensis
• Ardipithecus ramidus

Topic 5: Early Hominids:
• Australopithecus afarensis
• Australopithecus ramidus
• Australopithecus africanus
• Australopithecus (Paramthropous) boisei
• Australopithecus (Paramthropous) robustus
• Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Topic 6: Early Transitional Human:
• Homo habilis

Topic 7: Hominid Evolution:
• Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus in general
• Special reference to the fossil evidences discovered from Africa (Turkana boy)
• Asia (Java man and Peking man)
• Europe (Dmanisi)
• Homo floresiensis (Dwarf variety)
• Characteristics of Archaic sapiens with special reference to Europe (Homo heidelbergensis)
• Africa (Rhodesian Man)
• Asia (China, Jinniushan; India, Narmada Man)
• Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features and phylogenetic position
• Characteristics of anatomically Modern Homo sapiens with special reference to Africa (Omo)
• Europe (Cro-magnon, Chancelade, Grimaldi)
• Asia (Jinniushan)
• Australia (Lake Mungo)

Topic 8: Dispersal of modern humans:
• Out of Africa hypothesis
• Multiregional hypothesis
• Partial Replacement hypothesis

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Unit III: Modern Human Variation: Typological Model, Populational Model and Clinal Model; overview of Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn and Birdsell.

Topic 1: Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations:
• H.H. Risley
• B. S. Guha
• S. S. Sarkar

Topic 2: Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups.

Topic 3: Methods of studying Human Genetics:
• Cytogenetics
• Mendelian Genetics
• Twin Genetics
• Sib Pair methods
• Population Genetics
• Molecular Genetics

Topic 4: Cytogenetics:
• cell cycle
• standard karyotyping and banding techniques (G, C and Q)
• chromosomal abnormalities
• fluorescent in situ hybridization
• Lyon’s hypothesis
• importance of telomere and centromere
• Linkage and chromosome mapping
• genetic imprinting

Topic 5: Modes of inheritance:
• Autosomal (dominant, recessive, codominance)
• sex linked
• sex influenced
• sex limited
• modifying genes
• suppressor genes
• selfish gene
• multiple allelic inheritance
• multifactorial inheritance (stature and skin colour)
• polygenetic (dermatoglyphics-Finger-ball Pattern types, Dankmeijer’s Index, Furuhata’s Index and Pattern Intensity Index, Total Finger Ridge Count, Absolute Finger Ridge Count, Palmar formula and mainline index, transversality, aid angle and flexion creases)

Topic 6: Population genetics:
• Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, definition and application
• mating patterns (random, assortative and consanguineous)
• inbreeding coefficient
• genetic load
• genetic isolate
• genetic drift
• genetic distance
• genetic polymorphism (balanced and transient)

Topic 7: Molecular genetics:
• DNA
• RNA
• genetic code
• protein structure and synthesis
• concepts of RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, and SNPs
• Mitrochondrial DNA
• genic and genomic mutations

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Unit IV: Human Growth, development and maturation: definition, concepts.

Topic 1: Basic principles of growth; phases of growth:
• Prenatal and postnatal (growth and development of different body parts, subcutaneous tissues and physiological variables)

Topic 2: Growth curves:
• Velocity
• Distance
• Acceleration
• Scammon’s Growth curve
• Catch up and Catch down growth

Topic 3: Aging and senescence with special reference to somatic, skeletal and dental maturation Factors affecting growth:
• Genetic and Environmental
• Secular trends in growth

Topic 4: Methods of studying human growth:
• Longitudinal
• Cross-sectional
• Mixed longitudinal
• Linked longitudinal

Topic 5: Body composition:
• Bone mass
• body mass
• percentage of body fat
• segmental fat
• body age

Topic 6: Human Adaptation:
• Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule
• Human Adaptability Programme
• human adaptation to heat, cold, high altitude

Topic 7: Somatotyping:
• Concept
• Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application

Topic 8: Demography:
• Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines
• Relationship between demography and anthropological demography
• Fertility (concept and determinants)
• Morbidity and mortality (concept and determinants)
• Migration (concept and determinants)
• Selection intensity

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Unit V: Concept of prehistoric archaeology; ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology.

Topic 1: Theoretical paradigms:
• descriptive to scientific period to interpretative period

Topic 2: Dating:
• Typology
• seriation
• geo-archaeological
• obsidian
• hydration
• chemical dating of bones
• oxygen isotope
• fluorine estimation
• dendrochronology
• radio-carbon
• fission track
• thermo-luminescence
• potassium-argon
• varve clay
• cross dating
• amino acid racemization
• palaeomagnetic

Topic 3: Paleoenvironment:
• Major geological stages (Tertiary, Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene)
• Major climatic changes during Pleistocene and post Pleistocene periods, glacial and interglacial periods, ice age, pluvial and inter-pluvial climatic phases
• Evidences of quarternary climatic changes (moralnes, varve, river terraces, loess, sea level changes, beach sequences, sea core, fluviatile deposits, palynology, palaeontology)
• Site formation

Topic 4: Lithic tool typology and technology:
• Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools, chopper and chopping tools, bifaces, handaxes and cleavers)
• Middle Palaeolithic (Clactonean, Levalloisian and Mousterian flakes, discoid cores, tortoise core, fluted core, scrapers, point)
• Upper Palaeolithic (blade, knife, blunted back, borer, burin, points)
• Mesolithic (microliths)
• Neolithic (ring stone, grind stone, cell, adze)

Topic 5: Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe:
• Lower Palaeolithic: Acheulian culture
• Middle Palaeolithic: Mousterian culture
• Upper Palaeolithic: Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian
• Mesolithic: Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian

Topic 6: Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East:
• Sites like Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar

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Unit VI: Lower Palaeolithic Period in India.

Topic 1: Pebble tool culture:
• Soan

Topic 2: Acheulian culture:
• Madrasian (Kortalayar Valley)
• Attirmpakkam
• Didwana
• Belan Valley
• Bhimbetka
• Chirki-Nevasa
• Hunsgi
• Krishna Valley
• Importance of Hathnora, Narmada valley

Topic 3: Middle Palaeolithic period in India:
• Belan valley
• Bhimbetka
• Nevasa
• Narmada valley

Topic 4: Upper Palaeolithic period in India:
• Renigunta
• Billa Surgam
• Patne
• Bhimbetka
• Son and Belan Valleys
• Visadi
• Pushkar
• Gunjan Valley

Topic 5: Mesolithic period in India:
• Mesolithic economy and society
• Post Pleistocene environmental changes
• Development in microlithic technology, composite tools and bows and arrows
• Sites include Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur

Topic 6: Neolithic Period in India:
• Economic and social consequences of food production
• Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation and political institutions
• Sites like Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu

Topic 7: Prehistoric Cave art from India:
• Bhimbetka
• Adamgarh

Topic 8: Indus Civilization:
• Expansion of village sites
• Development of metal technology, art and writing
• Architecture and city planning
• Stages and theories of decline
• Sites like Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi

Topic 9: Pottery and Traditions:
• Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP)
• Black and Red ware
• Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
• Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP)
• Distribution of the pottery types and period

Topic 10: Bronze/Copper Age:
• General characteristics, distribution, people

Topic 11: Iron Age and Urban Revolution:
• General characteristics, distribution, people

Topic 12: Megaliths:
• concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi)

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Unit VII: Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology:

Topic 1: Culture:
• Attributes
• Holism
• Universals
• Acculturation
• Enculturation
• Transculturation
• Culture Change
• Culture Shock
• Cultural Relativism
• Civilization
• Folk-Urban Continuum
• Great and Little Tradition
• Cultural Pluralism
• World-View

Topic 2: Society:
• Groups
• Institutions
• Associations
• Community
• Status and Role
• Incest
• Endogamy and Exogamy
• Rites of passage

Topic 3: Social Institutions: Family:
• Definitions, universality of the family
• Typological and Processual methods of studying the family
• Types of family – conjugal-natal, consanguineal, nuclear, joint, extended
• Rules of residence – Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Ambilocal, Bilocal, Neolocal, Avunculocal, Virilocal, Amitalocal, Uxorilocal
• Functions of family
• Trends of change – urbanization, globalization, industrialization, feminist movements

Topic 4: Marriage:
• Definition, universality, types and functions (monogamy, polygamy – polyandry, polygyny, hypogamy, hypergamy, levirate, sororate)
• Preferential and Prescriptive types
• Types and forms of marital transactions – bride price and dowry
• Marriage as exchange

Topic 5: Kinship:
• Definition
• Descent
• kinship terminology
• matrilineal puzzle
• Joking and avoidance
• moiety
• phratry
• clan and lineage
• Types of kinship systems

Topic 6: Economic Anthropology:
• Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy
• Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantivist, Marxist)
• Livelihoods
• Subsistence
• Principles of production, distribution, consumption
• division of labour in hunting-gathering, pastoral, swidden and agricultural communities
• Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems
• Kula, Potlatch and Jajmani – Anthropological explanations

Topic 7: Legal Anthropology:
• Anthropology of Law
• Social Sanctions

Topic 8: Political Organization:
• Definitions
• political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems
• Conflicts and social control
• Nations and Nation-state
• democracy

Topic 9: Religion and Belief Systems:
• Definitions
• animism
• animation
• manaism
• bongaism
• totemism
• taboo
• Religious specialists – witch, shaman, priest, medicine-man, sorcerer
• Magic – definitions, types, approaches
• Rituals

Topic 10: Social Change:
• Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration, Syncretism, Dominance and Subjugation)
• Approaches

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Unit VIII: Theories in Social Anthropology.

Topic 1: Evolutionism:
• Tylor
• Morgan
• Fraser
• Maine
• McLennan

Topic 2: Diffusionism:
• Three schools (Austro-German, British, American)

Topic 3: Historical Particularism:
• Boas

Topic 4: Functionalism:
• Malinowski

Topic 5: Structural-Functionalism:
• Radcliffe-Brown
• Firth
• Fortes
• Eggan
• Parsons

Topic 6: Structuralism:
• Levi-Strauss

Topic 7: Culture and Personality/Psychological Anthropology:
• Mead
• Benedict
• DuBois
• Linton
• Kardiner
• Whiting and Child

Topic 8: Cultural Ecology, Environmental Anthropology, Neo-evolutionism:
• Leslie White
• Julian Steward
• Marshall Sahlins

Topic 9: Cultural Materialism:
• Marvin Harris

Topic 10: Symbolic Anthropology:
• Victor Turner
• Raymond Firth
• Mary Douglas

Topic 11: Cognitive Anthropology:
• Roy D’Andrade
• Stephen Tyler
• Ward Goodenough

Topic 12: Deep Ethnography, Interpretive Anthropology:
• Clifford Geertz

Topic 13: Anthropology and Gender:
• Leela Dube
• Renato Rosaldo
• Marilyn Strathern
• Zora Neale Hutson

Topic 14: Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism:
• Foucault
• Derrida
• Bourdieu

Topic 15: Ethnicity:
• Barth
• Jeffery
• Weber

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Unit IX: Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology.

Topic 1: Concepts:
• Social Stratification (eg. Caste)
• Scheduled Caste (SC)
• Dalit
• OBC
• Nomadic Groups
• Revivalist/Nativist movements
• Peasant movements (Malabar and Telengana movements)
• Tribe
• Scheduled Tribe (ST)
• Particularly Vulnerable Groups (PVTGs)
• Tribal movements (Birsa and Naga movements)
• Tribal Development
• Distribution

Topic 2: Indian Village and Village Studies in India:
• S.C. Dube
• McKim Marriott
• Weiser
• Scarlett Epstein
• M.N. Srinivas
• F.G. Bailey

Topic 3: Constitutional Safeguards for SC and ST, Inclusion and Exclusion. Panchayati Raj Institutions and other traditional community political organizations, Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

Topic 4: Theoretical ideas:
• Sanskritization
• Westernization
• Modernization
• Globalization
• Sacred Complex
• Nature-Man-Spirit Complex

Topic 5: Early Indian Anthropologists and their contributions:
• G.S. Ghurye
• B.S. Guha
• S.C. Roy
• Iravati Karve
• L.P. Vidyarthi
• S.C. Dube
• M.N. Srinivas
• N.K. Bose
• Surajit Sinha
• D.N. Majumdar
• S.R.K. Chopra
• Verrier Elwin
• S.S. Sarkar
• Dharan Sen
• T.C. Das
• P.C. Biswas

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Unit X: Concepts and Theories: Applied Anthropology, Action Anthropology, Engaged Anthropology, Experimental Anthropology, Urban Anthropology,Public Anthropology, Public Archaeology, Anthropology of Development, Medical Anthropology, Visual Anthropology, Genomic Studies, Genetic Screening and Counseling, Forensic Anthropology, Food and Nutritional Anthropology, Ergonomics, Kinanthropometry, Business Anthropology.

Topic 1: Community Development Projects (Rural, Urban and Tribal); Revisits, Re-studies, Reinterpretations, Intervention, Research Process and Social Impact Assessment (SIA).

Topic 2: Anthropological approaches in community studies:
• public health
• education
• nutrition
• land alienation
• bonded labour
• housing
• alternative economy
• livelihood
• gender issues
• relief, rehabilitation and relocation
• identity crisis
• communication, training and management
• aging and the aged

Topic 3: Development Strategies (Plan/Sub Plan).

Topic 4: Role of NGOs in Development. Anthropology and NGOs.

Topic 5: Empowerment of Women, LGBT groups.

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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination

• Total Questions: 100
• Total Marks: 200
• Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• Negative Marking: No
• Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
• Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)

Additional Notes (if any):

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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 79
Subject: Anthropology
Subject Code: 07
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: As per latest official syllabus