UGC-NET – Paper II: Criminology (Code: 68)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: Criminology
Subject Code: 68
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – Criminology
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)
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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: Crime as a Legal, Social and Psychological Construct; Deviance and Crime; Traditional Crimes: Crimes against Property and Person (Children, Women, Lesbian, Gay, Bi- sexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ), Marginalized, Men). Victimless Crimes: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Beggary, Commercial Sex, Suicide; Family centred Crimes: Dowry, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse; Community Problems: Inter-religion and Inter- caste tensions and conflicts. Modern Crimes: Organized Crimes, Economic Crimes, Corruption, Corporate Crimes, Development induced Crime, Environmental Crimes, Hate Crimes, Cyber Crimes and Cyber assisted Crimes. Terrorism and Insurgency; Crime and Politics. Media, Technology and Crime. Transnational Crimes.
Unit II: Criminology: Definition and Scope; Criminology and other Social Sciences; Criminology vs. Criminal Justice. Structure of Criminal Justice System in India; Role of Legislature and Law making; Coordination among Criminal Justice System. Participation of Victims and Witnesses in the Criminal Justice Process. Crime Prevention: Neighbourhood Involvement, Situational Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Electronic Monitoring.
Unit III: Schools of Criminology: Demonology, Classical, Neo-Classical Schools, Positivist / Positive School, Cartographic School, Biological and Constitutional School – Body Types, Hereditary Traits, Endocrine Glands; Economic Theories of Crime; Multiple Factors. Psycho-Analytical Theories and Psychopathic Personality. Social Strain Theories: Anomie theory, Culture conflict and Sub culture theory. Social Ecology Theories: Concentric Zone theory, Environmental Criminology, Social disorganization theory, Lower class culture theory. Social Learning Theories: Theory of Imitation, Differential Association Theory, Differential Identification theory, and Differential opportunity theory.
Unit IV: Social Control Theories: Drift and Neutralization theory, Containment theory, Social bond theory. Social Conflict Theories: Labelling Theory, Radical Criminology, Conflict Criminology, Critical Criminology, Realist Criminology. Modern Theories: Routine Activities theory, Rational Choice theory, Shaming theory, Broken windows theory, Feminist Criminology, Masculinity theory, Life Course theory, Integrated theories, Space Transition theory. Contemporary Perspectives: Cultural Criminology, News making Criminology, Peacemaking Criminology, Green Criminology, Visual Criminology, Cyber Criminology, Positive Criminology, Translational Criminology.
Unit V: Legal Approaches: Accusatorial and Inquisitorial; Substantive and Procedural Laws-Criminal Liability, Strict Liability; Indian Penal Code-General Exceptions, Offences Against Property; Criminal Procedure Code; Cognizable and Non-Cognizable offences, Bailable and Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable offences; Investigation of Crimes; Complaint, F. I. R. Arrest, Search, Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail; Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying declaration. Human Rights: Fundamental rights, Rights of accused and victims, Rights of persons in custody, Rights of prisoners. Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms, The Protection of Human Rights Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act – Salient features.
Unit VI: Criminological Research: Importance and Types – Descriptive, Analytical, Experimental, Exploratory and Doctrinal. Quantitative vs Qualitative research. Mixed Methods. Main Steps in Criminological Research. Ethics and Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research. Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism. Crime and Criminal Justice Data. Statistical Applications in Criminological Research.
Unit VII: Penology – definition, nature and scope. Punishment-in ancient, medieval and modern times. Punishment: Significance, Concept, Aims and Types. Theories of Punishment. Sentencing – Principles, Policies and Procedures. Capital Punishment. Recent approaches to Punishment – Restorative Justice, Restitution and Victim-offender Mediation. History and evolution of Prison legislations – Prison Manuals and rules. Various Prison Reforms Committees and Commissions. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
Unit VIII: Development of various prison systems – Penitentiary, Pennsylvania, Auburn system. Evolution and development of Prison system in India. Institutional Treatment: Meaning and purpose. Prison Types and Classification of Prisoners. Adult Institutions: Central, District and Sub Jails. Women Institutions: Vigilance Home, Protective home. Open Prisons. Accommodation, food and medical care in prisons. Correctional Programmes – Educational, work and prison panchayats. Community based Corrections: Probation and Admonition: Concept and Scope, Historical development of probation. Probation in India – Probation of offenders Act. Parole: Meaning and Scope. After Care services in India. Current problems and challenges in Correctional Administration.
Unit IX: Juvenile and Youth Justice: Definition and Concept. Delinquency. Children in conflict with Law; Children and Vulnerability. Truancy and Vagrancy. Youth Crimes. Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act; Institutions: Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, and ‘fit’ Institutions; Juvenile Aftercare Services. Juvenile Police Unit. UN Documents: United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and UN Riyadh Guidelines. Prevention of Delinquency.
Unit X: Historical development of Victimology. Basic Concepts of Victimology. UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985. Victim – Offender relationship. Impact of Victimization– Physical, Financial and Psychological (including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), (Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), resilience, posttraumatic growth, anger and the way victims are viewed) Impact. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Victimization. Role of NGOs in Victim Assistance. Criminological perspectives: Repeat victimization, routine activities, lifestyle exposure, fear of crime, punitivity and victimization surveys including cost of crime. Effects of crime on victims. Legal perspectives: Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and other Laws- Victim Compensation Schemes. Contemporary Developments in Victimology: Mass Victims and Mass Victimisation, Clinical Victimology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: Crime as a Legal, Social and Psychological Construct; Deviance and Crime; Traditional Crimes: Crimes against Property and Person (Children, Women, Lesbian, Gay, Bi- sexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ), Marginalized, Men). Victimless Crimes: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Beggary, Commercial Sex, Suicide; Family centred Crimes: Dowry, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse; Community Problems: Inter-religion and Inter- caste tensions and conflicts. Modern Crimes: Organized Crimes, Economic Crimes, Corruption, Corporate Crimes, Development induced Crime, Environmental Crimes, Hate Crimes, Cyber Crimes and Cyber assisted Crimes. Terrorism and Insurgency; Crime and Politics. Media, Technology and Crime. Transnational Crimes.
Topic 1: Crime as a Legal, Social and Psychological Construct;
• Crime as a Legal Construct
• Crime as a Social Construct
• Crime as a Psychological Construct
Topic 2: Deviance and Crime;
• Deviance
• Crime
Topic 3: Traditional Crimes:
• Crimes against Property and Person
• Children
• Women
• Lesbian
• Gay
• Bisexual
• Transgender
• Queer (LGBTQ)
• Marginalized
• Men
Topic 4: Victimless Crimes:
• Alcoholism
• Drug Addiction
• Beggary
• Commercial Sex
• Suicide
Topic 5: Family centred Crimes:
• Dowry
• Domestic Violence
• Child Abuse
Topic 6: Community Problems:
• Inter-religion tensions and conflicts
• Inter-caste tensions and conflicts
Topic 7: Modern Crimes:
• Organized Crimes
• Economic Crimes
• Corruption
• Corporate Crimes
• Development induced Crime
• Environmental Crimes
• Hate Crimes
• Cyber Crimes
• Cyber assisted Crimes
Topic 8: Terrorism and Insurgency;
• Terrorism
• Insurgency
Topic 9: Crime and Politics.
• Crime and Politics
Topic 10: Media, Technology and Crime.
• Media
• Technology
• Crime
Topic 11: Transnational Crimes.
• Transnational Crimes
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Unit II: Criminology: Definition and Scope; Criminology and other Social Sciences; Criminology vs. Criminal Justice. Structure of Criminal Justice System in India; Role of Legislature and Law making; Coordination among Criminal Justice System. Participation of Victims and Witnesses in the Criminal Justice Process. Crime Prevention: Neighbourhood Involvement, Situational Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Electronic Monitoring.
Topic 1: Criminology: Definition and Scope;
• Definition
• Scope
Topic 2: Criminology and other Social Sciences;
• Criminology and other Social Sciences
Topic 3: Criminology vs. Criminal Justice.
• Criminology vs. Criminal Justice
Topic 4: Structure of Criminal Justice System in India;
• Structure of Criminal Justice System in India
Topic 5: Role of Legislature and Law making;
• Role of Legislature
• Law making
Topic 6: Coordination among Criminal Justice System.
• Coordination among Criminal Justice System
Topic 7: Participation of Victims and Witnesses in the Criminal Justice Process.
• Participation of Victims
• Participation of Witnesses
• Criminal Justice Process
Topic 8: Crime Prevention:
• Neighbourhood Involvement
• Situational Crime Prevention
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
• Electronic Monitoring
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Unit III: Schools of Criminology: Demonology, Classical, Neo-Classical Schools, Positivist / Positive School, Cartographic School, Biological and Constitutional School – Body Types, Hereditary Traits, Endocrine Glands; Economic Theories of Crime; Multiple Factors. Psycho-Analytical Theories and Psychopathic Personality. Social Strain Theories: Anomie theory, Culture conflict and Sub culture theory. Social Ecology Theories: Concentric Zone theory, Environmental Criminology, Social disorganization theory, Lower class culture theory. Social Learning Theories: Theory of Imitation, Differential Association Theory, Differential Identification theory, and Differential opportunity theory.
Topic 1: Schools of Criminology:
• Demonology
• Classical School
• Neo-Classical Schools
• Positivist / Positive School
• Cartographic School
• Biological and Constitutional School
• Body Types
• Hereditary Traits
• Endocrine Glands
Topic 2: Economic Theories of Crime;
• Economic Theories of Crime
Topic 3: Multiple Factors.
• Multiple Factors
Topic 4: Psycho-Analytical Theories and Psychopathic Personality.
• Psycho-Analytical Theories
• Psychopathic Personality
Topic 5: Social Strain Theories:
• Anomie theory
• Culture conflict theory
• Sub culture theory
Topic 6: Social Ecology Theories:
• Concentric Zone theory
• Environmental Criminology
• Social disorganization theory
• Lower class culture theory
Topic 7: Social Learning Theories:
• Theory of Imitation
• Differential Association Theory
• Differential Identification theory
• Differential opportunity theory
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Unit IV: Social Control Theories: Drift and Neutralization theory, Containment theory, Social bond theory. Social Conflict Theories: Labelling Theory, Radical Criminology, Conflict Criminology, Critical Criminology, Realist Criminology. Modern Theories: Routine Activities theory, Rational Choice theory, Shaming theory, Broken windows theory, Feminist Criminology, Masculinity theory, Life Course theory, Integrated theories, Space Transition theory. Contemporary Perspectives: Cultural Criminology, News making Criminology, Peacemaking Criminology, Green Criminology, Visual Criminology, Cyber Criminology, Positive Criminology, Translational Criminology.
Topic 1: Social Control Theories:
• Drift and Neutralization theory
• Containment theory
• Social bond theory
Topic 2: Social Conflict Theories:
• Labelling Theory
• Radical Criminology
• Conflict Criminology
• Critical Criminology
• Realist Criminology
Topic 3: Modern Theories:
• Routine Activities theory
• Rational Choice theory
• Shaming theory
• Broken windows theory
• Feminist Criminology
• Masculinity theory
• Life Course theory
• Integrated theories
• Space Transition theory
Topic 4: Contemporary Perspectives:
• Cultural Criminology
• News making Criminology
• Peacemaking Criminology
• Green Criminology
• Visual Criminology
• Cyber Criminology
• Positive Criminology
• Translational Criminology
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Unit V: Legal Approaches: Accusatorial and Inquisitorial; Substantive and Procedural Laws-Criminal Liability, Strict Liability; Indian Penal Code-General Exceptions, Offences Against Property; Criminal Procedure Code; Cognizable and Non-Cognizable offences, Bailable and Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable offences; Investigation of Crimes; Complaint, F. I. R. Arrest, Search, Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail; Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying declaration. Human Rights: Fundamental rights, Rights of accused and victims, Rights of persons in custody, Rights of prisoners. Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms, The Protection of Human Rights Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act – Salient features.
Topic 1: Legal Approaches:
• Accusatorial
• Inquisitorial
Topic 2: Substantive and Procedural Laws-Criminal Liability, Strict Liability;
• Substantive Laws
• Procedural Laws
• Criminal Liability
• Strict Liability
Topic 3: Indian Penal Code-General Exceptions, Offences Against Property;
• Indian Penal Code
• General Exceptions
• Offences Against Property
Topic 4: Criminal Procedure Code;
• Criminal Procedure Code
Topic 5: Cognizable and Non-Cognizable offences, Bailable and Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable offences;
• Cognizable offences
• Non-Cognizable offences
• Bailable offences
• Non-bailable offences
• Compoundable offences
• Non-compoundable offences
Topic 6: Investigation of Crimes;
• Investigation of Crimes
Topic 7: Complaint, F. I. R. Arrest, Search, Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail;
• Complaint
• F. I. R.
• Arrest
• Search
• Seizure
• Police Custody
• Judicial Remand
• Bail
Topic 8: Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying declaration.
• Types of Evidence
• Admissibility of Confession
• Dying declaration
Topic 9: Human Rights:
• Fundamental rights
• Rights of accused and victims
• Rights of persons in custody
• Rights of prisoners
Topic 10: Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms, The Protection of Human Rights Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act – Salient features.
• Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms
• The Protection of Human Rights Act
• Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act
• Salient features
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Unit VI: Criminological Research: Importance and Types – Descriptive, Analytical, Experimental, Exploratory and Doctrinal. Quantitative vs Qualitative research. Mixed Methods. Main Steps in Criminological Research. Ethics and Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research. Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism. Crime and Criminal Justice Data. Statistical Applications in Criminological Research.
Topic 1: Criminological Research: Importance and Types – Descriptive, Analytical, Experimental, Exploratory and Doctrinal.
• Criminological Research
• Importance
• Types
• Descriptive
• Analytical
• Experimental
• Exploratory
• Doctrinal
Topic 2: Quantitative vs Qualitative research.
• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research
Topic 3: Mixed Methods.
• Mixed Methods
Topic 4: Main Steps in Criminological Research.
• Main Steps in Criminological Research
Topic 5: Ethics and Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research.
• Ethics
• Confidentiality
• Criminal Justice Research
Topic 6: Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism.
• Researcher Fraud
• Plagiarism
Topic 7: Crime and Criminal Justice Data.
• Crime Data
• Criminal Justice Data
Topic 8: Statistical Applications in Criminological Research.
• Statistical Applications
• Criminological Research
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Unit VII: Penology – definition, nature and scope. Punishment-in ancient, medieval and modern times. Punishment: Significance, Concept, Aims and Types. Theories of Punishment. Sentencing – Principles, Policies and Procedures. Capital Punishment. Recent approaches to Punishment – Restorative Justice, Restitution and Victim-offender Mediation. History and evolution of Prison legislations – Prison Manuals and rules. Various Prison Reforms Committees and Commissions. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
Topic 1: Penology – definition, nature and scope.
• Penology
• definition
• nature
• scope
Topic 2: Punishment-in ancient, medieval and modern times.
• Punishment in ancient times
• Punishment in medieval times
• Punishment in modern times
Topic 3: Punishment: Significance, Concept, Aims and Types.
• Punishment
• Significance
• Concept
• Aims
• Types
Topic 4: Theories of Punishment.
• Theories of Punishment
Topic 5: Sentencing – Principles, Policies and Procedures.
• Sentencing
• Principles
• Policies
• Procedures
Topic 6: Capital Punishment.
• Capital Punishment
Topic 7: Recent approaches to Punishment – Restorative Justice, Restitution and Victim-offender Mediation.
• Recent approaches to Punishment
• Restorative Justice
• Restitution
• Victim-offender Mediation
Topic 8: History and evolution of Prison legislations – Prison Manuals and rules.
• History of Prison legislations
• evolution of Prison legislations
• Prison Manuals
• rules
Topic 9: Various Prison Reforms Committees and Commissions.
• Prison Reforms Committees
• Commissions
Topic 10: Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
• Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules)
• Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
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Unit VIII: Development of various prison systems – Penitentiary, Pennsylvania, Auburn system. Evolution and development of Prison system in India. Institutional Treatment: Meaning and purpose. Prison Types and Classification of Prisoners. Adult Institutions: Central, District and Sub Jails. Women Institutions: Vigilance Home, Protective home. Open Prisons. Accommodation, food and medical care in prisons. Correctional Programmes – Educational, work and prison panchayats. Community based Corrections: Probation and Admonition: Concept and Scope, Historical development of probation. Probation in India – Probation of offenders Act. Parole: Meaning and Scope. After Care services in India. Current problems and challenges in Correctional Administration.
Topic 1: Development of various prison systems – Penitentiary, Pennsylvania, Auburn system.
• Development of prison systems
• Penitentiary system
• Pennsylvania system
• Auburn system
Topic 2: Evolution and development of Prison system in India.
• Evolution of Prison system in India
• development of Prison system in India
Topic 3: Institutional Treatment: Meaning and purpose.
• Institutional Treatment
• Meaning
• purpose
Topic 4: Prison Types and Classification of Prisoners.
• Prison Types
• Classification of Prisoners
Topic 5: Adult Institutions: Central, District and Sub Jails.
• Adult Institutions
• Central Jails
• District Jails
• Sub Jails
Topic 6: Women Institutions: Vigilance Home, Protective home.
• Women Institutions
• Vigilance Home
• Protective home
Topic 7: Open Prisons.
• Open Prisons
Topic 8: Accommodation, food and medical care in prisons.
• Accommodation in prisons
• food in prisons
• medical care in prisons
Topic 9: Correctional Programmes – Educational, work and prison panchayats.
• Correctional Programmes
• Educational programmes
• work programmes
• prison panchayats
Topic 10: Community based Corrections: Probation and Admonition: Concept and Scope, Historical development of probation.
• Community based Corrections
• Probation
• Admonition
• Concept
• Scope
• Historical development of probation
Topic 11: Probation in India – Probation of offenders Act.
• Probation in India
• Probation of offenders Act
Topic 12: Parole: Meaning and Scope.
• Parole
• Meaning
• Scope
Topic 13: After Care services in India.
• After Care services in India
Topic 14: Current problems and challenges in Correctional Administration.
• Current problems in Correctional Administration
• challenges in Correctional Administration
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Unit IX: Juvenile and Youth Justice: Definition and Concept. Delinquency. Children in conflict with Law; Children and Vulnerability. Truancy and Vagrancy. Youth Crimes. Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act; Institutions: Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, and ‘fit’ Institutions; Juvenile Aftercare Services. Juvenile Police Unit. UN Documents: United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and UN Riyadh Guidelines. Prevention of Delinquency.
Topic 1: Juvenile and Youth Justice: Definition and Concept.
• Juvenile and Youth Justice
• Definition
• Concept
Topic 2: Delinquency.
• Delinquency
Topic 3: Children in conflict with Law;
• Children in conflict with Law
Topic 4: Children and Vulnerability.
• Children
• Vulnerability
Topic 5: Truancy and Vagrancy.
• Truancy
• Vagrancy
Topic 6: Youth Crimes.
• Youth Crimes
Topic 7: Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act;
• Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act
Topic 8: Institutions: Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, and ‘fit’ Institutions;
• Institutions
• Juvenile Justice Board
• Child Welfare Committee
• Observation Homes
• Juvenile Homes
• Special Homes
• ‘fit’ Institutions
Topic 9: Juvenile Aftercare Services.
• Juvenile Aftercare Services
Topic 10: Juvenile Police Unit.
• Juvenile Police Unit
Topic 11: UN Documents: United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and UN Riyadh Guidelines.
• UN Documents
• United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)
• UN Riyadh Guidelines
Topic 12: Prevention of Delinquency.
• Prevention of Delinquency
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Unit X: Historical development of Victimology. Basic Concepts of Victimology. UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985. Victim – Offender relationship. Impact of Victimization– Physical, Financial and Psychological (including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), (Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), resilience, posttraumatic growth, anger and the way victims are viewed) Impact. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Victimization. Role of NGOs in Victim Assistance. Criminological perspectives: Repeat victimization, routine activities, lifestyle exposure, fear of crime, punitivity and victimization surveys including cost of crime. Effects of crime on victims. Legal perspectives: Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and other Laws- Victim Compensation Schemes. Contemporary Developments in Victimology: Mass Victims and Mass Victimisation, Clinical Victimology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.
Topic 1: Historical development of Victimology.
• Historical development of Victimology
Topic 2: Basic Concepts of Victimology.
• Basic Concepts of Victimology
Topic 3: UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985.
• UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985
Topic 4: Victim – Offender relationship.
• Victim – Offender relationship
Topic 5: Impact of Victimization– Physical, Financial and Psychological (including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), (Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), resilience, posttraumatic growth, anger and the way victims are viewed) Impact.
• Impact of Victimization
• Physical Impact
• Financial Impact
• Psychological Impact
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
• resilience
• posttraumatic growth
• anger
• the way victims are viewed
Topic 6: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Victimization.
• Primary Victimization
• Secondary Victimization
• Tertiary Victimization
Topic 7: Role of NGOs in Victim Assistance.
• Role of NGOs
• Victim Assistance
Topic 8: Criminological perspectives: Repeat victimization, routine activities, lifestyle exposure, fear of crime, punitivity and victimization surveys including cost of crime.
• Criminological perspectives
• Repeat victimization
• routine activities
• lifestyle exposure
• fear of crime
• punitivity
• victimization surveys
• cost of crime
Topic 9: Effects of crime on victims.
• Effects of crime on victims
Topic 10: Legal perspectives: Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and other Laws- Victim Compensation Schemes.
• Legal perspectives
• Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)
• other Laws
• Victim Compensation Schemes
Topic 11: Contemporary Developments in Victimology: Mass Victims and Mass Victimisation, Clinical Victimology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.
• Contemporary Developments in Victimology
• Mass Victims
• Mass Victimisation
• Clinical Victimology
• Therapeutic Jurisprudence
• Cyber Victimology
• Positive Victimology
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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination
- Total Questions: 100
- Total Marks: 200
- Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Negative Marking: No
- Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
- Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Additional Notes (if any):
- None specified in source.
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 105
Subject: Criminology
Subject Code: 68
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”
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