UGC-NET – Paper II: ELECTRONIC SCIENCE (Code: 88)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: ELECTRONIC SCIENCE
Subject Code: 88
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – ELECTRONIC SCIENCE
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)
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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: Introduction to Semiconductor, energy bands in solids, concept of effective mass, density of states, Fermi levels. PN Junction, Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit, Breakdown in diodes, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, Metal semiconductor junction – Ohmic and Schottky contacts, Characteristics and equivalent circuits of JFET, MOSFET. Low dimensional semiconductor devices – quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT), Solar cells – I-V characteristics, fill factor and efficiency, LED, LCD and flexible display devices. Emerging materials for future Devices: Graphene, Carbon Nano tubes (CNT), ZnO, SiC etc.
Unit II: IC fabrication – crystal growth, epitaxy, oxidation, lithography, doping, etching, isolation methods, metallization, bonding, Thin film deposition and characterization Techniques: XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, Thin film active and passive devices, MOS technology and VLSI, scaling of MOS devices, NMOS and CMOS structures and fabrication, Characteristics of MOS transistors and threshold voltage, NMOS and CMOS inverters, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) – structure, charge storage and transfer, Basics of VLSI design, stick diagrams, Layout design rules.
Unit III: Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems, Network elements, Network graphs, Nodal and Mesh analysis. Laplace Transform, Fourier Transform and Z-transform. Time and frequency domain response, Passive filters, Two-port Network Parameters : Z, Y, ABCD and h parameters, Transfer functions, Signal representation, State variable method of circuit analysis, AC circuit analysis, Transient analysis, Zero and Poles, Bode Plots. Continuous time signals, Fourier Series and Fourier transform representations, Sampling theorem and applications, Discrete time signal, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Basic concepts of digital signal processing, digital filters – IIR, FIR.
Unit IV: Rectifiers, Voltage regulated ICs and regulated power supply, Biasing of Bipolar junction transistors and FETs, operating point and stability, Amplifiers, Classification of amplifiers, Concept of feedback, Hartley, Colpitt’s and Phase Shift oscillators, Operational amplifiers (OPAMP) – characteristics, computational applications, comparators, Schmitt trigger, Instrumentation amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, Phase locked loops, Active filters, Multivibrators, Voltage to frequency convertors (V/F), frequency to voltage convertors (F/V).
Unit V: Logic Families, Logic Gates, Boolean algebra and minimization techniques, Combinational circuits, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD), CPLD, flip-flops, memories, Sequential Circuits: Counters – Ring, Ripple, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Shift registers, multiplexers and demultiplexers, A/D and D/A converters, Analysis and Design of fundamental mode state machines: State variables, State table and State diagram. Sequential PLD, FPGA, Analysis and Design of digital circuits using HDL.
Unit VI: Introduction of Microprocessor 8086: Architecture, Addressing modes, instruction set, interrupts, Programming, Memory and I/O interfacing. Introduction of Microcontrollers – 8051 for embedded systems, Architecture and register set of Microcontroller 8051, Addressing modes, Instruction set of 8051 – Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, bit level and byte level control transfer instructions, 8051 assembly programming – stack operations, subroutines, interrupts, 8051 programming as timer/counter, 8051 serial communication, 8051 interfacing RS232, LED/LCD display, Keyboard , Stepper motor.
Unit VII: Electrostatics – vector calculus, Gauss’s Law, Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Magnetostatics – Biot Savert’s law, Ampere’s law and electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations and wave equations, Plane wave propagation in free space, dielectrics and conductors, Poynting theorem, Reflection and refraction, polarization, interference, coherence and diffraction, Transmission lines and waveguides – line equations, impedance, reflections and voltage standing wave ratio, rectangular waveguides. Antennas – retarded potential and Hertzian dipole, half wave antenna, antenna patterns, radiation intensity, gain, effective area and Frit’s free space receiver power equation. Microwave Sources and Devices -Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, TWT, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, Crystal Detector and PIN diode. Radar – block diagram of Radar, frequencies and power used, Radar range equation.
Unit VIII: Analog modulation and demodulation – AM, FM and PM, Principle of super heterodyne receiver, Random signals, noise, noise temperature and noise figure, Basic concepts of information theory, Error detection and correction, Digital modulation and demodulation – PCM, ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK and QAM, Time and Frequency-Division Multiplexing, Multiple Access techniques, Data Communications – Modems, Codes, Principles of Mobile and Satellite Communication, Optical communication, Optical sources – LED, spontaneous and stimulated emission, semiconductor Lasers, Detectors – PIN photodiodes, Avalanche photodiodes (APD), Optical fibers – attenuation and dispersion characteristics, Bandwidth, Wavelength division multiplexing. Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) for communication.
Unit IX: Power devices – characteristics of SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, power transistors, Protection of thyristors against over voltage and over current. SCR triggering – dv/dt and di/dt, triggering with single pulse and train of pulses, A.C. and D.C. motors – construction and speed control. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). Open loop and closed loop control system, Block Diagram reduction techniques, transfer function and signal flow diagram, Stability criterion: Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist plot, On-off controller, Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Derivative (PD), PID controllers.
Unit X: Transducers – Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric, Hall effect, Photoelectric, Measurement of displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, strain, temperature, pressure, flow, humidity, thickness, pH. Measuring Equipment – Measurement of R, L and C, Bridge and Potentiometers, voltage, current, power, energy, frequency/time, phase, Digital Multimeters, CRO, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Spectrum Analyzer, Biomedical Instruments – ECG, EEG, Blood Pressure Measurements, MEMS and its applications Sensors for IoT applications.
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: Introduction to Semiconductor, energy bands in solids, concept of effective mass, density of states, Fermi levels. PN Junction, Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit, Breakdown in diodes, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, Metal semiconductor junction – Ohmic and Schottky contacts, Characteristics and equivalent circuits of JFET, MOSFET. Low dimensional semiconductor devices – quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT), Solar cells – I-V characteristics, fill factor and efficiency, LED, LCD and flexible display devices. Emerging materials for future Devices: Graphene, Carbon Nano tubes (CNT), ZnO, SiC etc.
Topic 1: Introduction to Semiconductor:
• energy bands in solids
• concept of effective mass
• density of states
• Fermi levels
Topic 2: PN Junction:
• Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit
• Breakdown in diodes
• Zener diode
• Tunnel diode
Topic 3: Metal semiconductor junction:
• Ohmic contacts
• Schottky contacts
Topic 4: Characteristics and equivalent circuits of:
• JFET
• MOSFET
Topic 5: Low dimensional semiconductor devices:
• quantum wells
• quantum wires
• quantum dots
Topic 6: High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)
Topic 7: Solar cells:
• I-V characteristics
• fill factor and efficiency
Topic 8: LED, LCD and flexible display devices.
Topic 9: Emerging materials for future Devices:
• Graphene
• Carbon Nano tubes (CNT)
• ZnO
• SiC etc.
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Unit II: IC fabrication – crystal growth, epitaxy, oxidation, lithography, doping, etching, isolation methods, metallization, bonding, Thin film deposition and characterization Techniques: XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, Thin film active and passive devices, MOS technology and VLSI, scaling of MOS devices, NMOS and CMOS structures and fabrication, Characteristics of MOS transistors and threshold voltage, NMOS and CMOS inverters, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) – structure, charge storage and transfer, Basics of VLSI design, stick diagrams, Layout design rules.
Topic 1: IC fabrication:
• crystal growth
• epitaxy
• oxidation
• lithography
• doping
• etching
• isolation methods
• metallization
• bonding
Topic 2: Thin film deposition and characterization Techniques:
• XRD
• TEM
• SEM
• EDX
Topic 3: Thin film active and passive devices
Topic 4: MOS technology and VLSI
Topic 5: scaling of MOS devices
Topic 6: NMOS and CMOS structures and fabrication
Topic 7: Characteristics of MOS transistors and threshold voltage
Topic 8: NMOS and CMOS inverters
Topic 9: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD):
• structure
• charge storage and transfer
Topic 10: Basics of VLSI design
Topic 11: stick diagrams
Topic 12: Layout design rules.
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Unit III: Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems, Network elements, Network graphs, Nodal and Mesh analysis. Laplace Transform, Fourier Transform and Z-transform. Time and frequency domain response, Passive filters, Two-port Network Parameters : Z, Y, ABCD and h parameters, Transfer functions, Signal representation, State variable method of circuit analysis, AC circuit analysis, Transient analysis, Zero and Poles, Bode Plots. Continuous time signals, Fourier Series and Fourier transform representations, Sampling theorem and applications, Discrete time signal, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Basic concepts of digital signal processing, digital filters – IIR, FIR.
Topic 1: Network Theorems and Analysis:
• Superposition
• Thevenin
• Norton
• Maximum Power Transfer Theorems
• Network elements
• Network graphs
• Nodal analysis
• Mesh analysis
Topic 2: Transforms:
• Laplace Transform
• Fourier Transform
• Z-transform
Topic 3: Time and frequency domain response
Topic 4: Passive filters
Topic 5: Two-port Network Parameters:
• Z parameters
• Y parameters
• ABCD parameters
• h parameters
Topic 6: Transfer functions
Topic 7: Signal representation
Topic 8: State variable method of circuit analysis
Topic 9: AC circuit analysis
Topic 10: Transient analysis
Topic 11: Zero and Poles
Topic 12: Bode Plots
Topic 13: Continuous time signals
Topic 14: Fourier Series and Fourier transform representations
Topic 15: Sampling theorem and applications
Topic 16: Discrete time signal
Topic 17: Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Topic 18: Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Topic 19: Basic concepts of digital signal processing
Topic 20: digital filters:
• IIR
• FIR
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Unit IV: Rectifiers, Voltage regulated ICs and regulated power supply, Biasing of Bipolar junction transistors and FETs, operating point and stability, Amplifiers, Classification of amplifiers, Concept of feedback, Hartley, Colpitt’s and Phase Shift oscillators, Operational amplifiers (OPAMP) – characteristics, computational applications, comparators, Schmitt trigger, Instrumentation amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, Phase locked loops, Active filters, Multivibrators, Voltage to frequency convertors (V/F), frequency to voltage convertors (F/V).
Topic 1: Rectifiers
Topic 2: Voltage regulated ICs and regulated power supply
Topic 3: Biasing of:
• Bipolar junction transistors
• FETs
Topic 4: operating point and stability
Topic 5: Amplifiers
Topic 6: Classification of amplifiers
Topic 7: Concept of feedback
Topic 8: Oscillators:
• Hartley
• Colpitt’s
• Phase Shift oscillators
Topic 9: Operational amplifiers (OPAMP):
• characteristics
• computational applications
• comparators
• Schmitt trigger
Topic 10: Instrumentation amplifiers
Topic 11: wave shaping circuits
Topic 12: Phase locked loops
Topic 13: Active filters
Topic 14: Multivibrators
Topic 15: Voltage to frequency convertors (V/F)
Topic 16: frequency to voltage convertors (F/V).
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Unit V: Logic Families, Logic Gates, Boolean algebra and minimization techniques, Combinational circuits, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD), CPLD, flip-flops, memories, Sequential Circuits: Counters – Ring, Ripple, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Shift registers, multiplexers and demultiplexers, A/D and D/A converters, Analysis and Design of fundamental mode state machines: State variables, State table and State diagram. Sequential PLD, FPGA, Analysis and Design of digital circuits using HDL.
Topic 1: Logic Families
Topic 2: Logic Gates
Topic 3: Boolean algebra and minimization techniques
Topic 4: Combinational circuits
Topic 5: Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)
Topic 6: CPLD
Topic 7: flip-flops
Topic 8: memories
Topic 9: Sequential Circuits:
• Counters – Ring
• Counters – Ripple
• Counters – Synchronous
• Counters – Asynchronous
• Shift registers
• multiplexers
• demultiplexers
Topic 10: A/D and D/A converters
Topic 11: Analysis and Design of fundamental mode state machines:
• State variables
• State table
• State diagram
Topic 12: Sequential PLD
Topic 13: FPGA
Topic 14: Analysis and Design of digital circuits using HDL.
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Unit VI: Introduction of Microprocessor 8086: Architecture, Addressing modes, instruction set, interrupts, Programming, Memory and I/O interfacing. Introduction of Microcontrollers – 8051 for embedded systems, Architecture and register set of Microcontroller 8051, Addressing modes, Instruction set of 8051 – Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, bit level and byte level control transfer instructions, 8051 assembly programming – stack operations, subroutines, interrupts, 8051 programming as timer/counter, 8051 serial communication, 8051 interfacing RS232, LED/LCD display, Keyboard , Stepper motor.
Topic 1: Introduction of Microprocessor 8086:
• Architecture
• Addressing modes
• instruction set
• interrupts
• Programming
• Memory and I/O interfacing
Topic 2: Introduction of Microcontrollers – 8051 for embedded systems
Topic 3: Architecture and register set of Microcontroller 8051
Topic 4: Addressing modes of 8051
Topic 5: Instruction set of 8051:
• Data transfer instructions
• Arithmetic instructions
• Logic instructions
• bit level control transfer instructions
• byte level control transfer instructions
Topic 6: 8051 assembly programming:
• stack operations
• subroutines
• interrupts
Topic 7: 8051 programming as timer/counter
Topic 8: 8051 serial communication
Topic 9: 8051 interfacing:
• RS232
• LED/LCD display
• Keyboard
• Stepper motor
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Unit VII: Electrostatics – vector calculus, Gauss’s Law, Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Magnetostatics – Biot Savert’s law, Ampere’s law and electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations and wave equations, Plane wave propagation in free space, dielectrics and conductors, Poynting theorem, Reflection and refraction, polarization, interference, coherence and diffraction, Transmission lines and waveguides – line equations, impedance, reflections and voltage standing wave ratio, rectangular waveguides. Antennas – retarded potential and Hertzian dipole, half wave antenna, antenna patterns, radiation intensity, gain, effective area and Frit’s free space receiver power equation. Microwave Sources and Devices -Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, TWT, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, Crystal Detector and PIN diode. Radar – block diagram of Radar, frequencies and power used, Radar range equation.
Topic 1: Electrostatics:
• vector calculus
• Gauss’s Law
• Laplace equations
• Poisson’s equations
Topic 2: Magnetostatics:
• Biot Savert’s law
• Ampere’s law
• electromagnetic induction
Topic 3: Maxwell’s equations and wave equations
Topic 4: Plane wave propagation in:
• free space
• dielectrics
• conductors
Topic 5: Poynting theorem
Topic 6: Wave Phenomena:
• Reflection
• refraction
• polarization
• interference
• coherence
• diffraction
Topic 7: Transmission lines and waveguides:
• line equations
• impedance
• reflections
• voltage standing wave ratio
• rectangular waveguides
Topic 8: Antennas:
• retarded potential
• Hertzian dipole
• half wave antenna
• antenna patterns
• radiation intensity
• gain
• effective area
• Frit’s free space receiver power equation
Topic 9: Microwave Sources and Devices:
• Reflex Klystron
• Magnetron
• TWT
• Gunn diode
• IMPATT diode
• Crystal Detector
• PIN diode
Topic 10: Radar:
• block diagram of Radar
• frequencies and power used
• Radar range equation
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Unit VIII: Analog modulation and demodulation – AM, FM and PM, Principle of super heterodyne receiver, Random signals, noise, noise temperature and noise figure, Basic concepts of information theory, Error detection and correction, Digital modulation and demodulation – PCM, ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK and QAM, Time and Frequency-Division Multiplexing, Multiple Access techniques, Data Communications – Modems, Codes, Principles of Mobile and Satellite Communication, Optical communication, Optical sources – LED, spontaneous and stimulated emission, semiconductor Lasers, Detectors – PIN photodiodes, Avalanche photodiodes (APD), Optical fibers – attenuation and dispersion characteristics, Bandwidth, Wavelength division multiplexing. Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) for communication.
Topic 1: Analog modulation and demodulation:
• AM
• FM
• PM
Topic 2: Principle of super heterodyne receiver
Topic 3: Random signals
Topic 4: Noise:
• noise temperature
• noise figure
Topic 5: Basic concepts of information theory
Topic 6: Error detection and correction
Topic 7: Digital modulation and demodulation:
• PCM
• ASK
• FSK
• PSK
• BPSK
• QPSK
• QAM
Topic 8: Multiplexing:
• Time-Division Multiplexing
• Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Topic 9: Multiple Access techniques
Topic 10: Data Communications:
• Modems
• Codes
Topic 11: Principles of:
• Mobile Communication
• Satellite Communication
Topic 12: Optical communication
Topic 13: Optical sources:
• LED
• spontaneous emission
• stimulated emission
• semiconductor Lasers
Topic 14: Detectors:
• PIN photodiodes
• Avalanche photodiodes (APD)
Topic 15: Optical fibers:
• attenuation characteristics
• dispersion characteristics
• Bandwidth
Topic 16: Wavelength division multiplexing
Topic 17: Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) for communication.
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Unit IX: Power devices – characteristics of SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, power transistors, Protection of thyristors against over voltage and over current. SCR triggering – dv/dt and di/dt, triggering with single pulse and train of pulses, A.C. and D.C. motors – construction and speed control. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). Open loop and closed loop control system, Block Diagram reduction techniques, transfer function and signal flow diagram, Stability criterion: Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist plot, On-off controller, Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Derivative (PD), PID controllers.
Topic 1: Power devices:
• characteristics of SCR
• characteristics of DIAC
• characteristics of TRIAC
• characteristics of power transistors
Topic 2: Protection of thyristors against:
• over voltage
• over current
Topic 3: SCR triggering:
• dv/dt
• di/dt
• triggering with single pulse
• triggering with train of pulses
Topic 4: A.C. and D.C. motors:
• construction
• speed control
Topic 5: Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Topic 6: Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
Topic 7: Control Systems:
• Open loop control system
• closed loop control system
Topic 8: Block Diagram reduction techniques
Topic 9: transfer function
Topic 10: signal flow diagram
Topic 11: Stability criterion:
• Routh-Hurwitz
• Nyquist plot
Topic 12: Controllers:
• On-off controller
• Proportional (P) controller
• Proportional-Integral (PI) controller
• Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller
• PID controllers
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Unit X: Transducers – Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric, Hall effect, Photoelectric, Measurement of displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, strain, temperature, pressure, flow, humidity, thickness, pH. Measuring Equipment – Measurement of R, L and C, Bridge and Potentiometers, voltage, current, power, energy, frequency/time, phase, Digital Multimeters, CRO, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Spectrum Analyzer, Biomedical Instruments – ECG, EEG, Blood Pressure Measurements, MEMS and its applications Sensors for IoT applications.
Topic 1: Transducers:
• Resistance
• Inductance
• Capacitance
• Piezoelectric
• Thermoelectric
• Hall effect
• Photoelectric
Topic 2: Measurement of:
• displacement
• velocity
• acceleration
• force
• torque
• strain
• temperature
• pressure
• flow
• humidity
• thickness
• pH
Topic 3: Measuring Equipment – Measurement of:
• R
• L
• C
Topic 4: Bridge and Potentiometers
Topic 5: Measurement of:
• voltage
• current
• power
• energy
• frequency/time
• phase
Topic 6: Digital Multimeters
Topic 7: CRO
Topic 8: Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Topic 9: Spectrum Analyzer
Topic 10: Biomedical Instruments:
• ECG
• EEG
• Blood Pressure Measurements
Topic 11: MEMS and its applications
Topic 12: Sensors for IoT applications.
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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination
- Total Questions: 100
- Total Marks: 200
- Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Negative Marking: No
- Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
- Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Additional Notes (if any):
- [No additional notes in source]
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 158
Subject: ELECTRONIC SCIENCE
Subject Code: 88
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”
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