UGC-NET – Paper II: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY (Code: 105)
Exam Cycle: [Year]
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Subject Code: 105
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)
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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda
Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda
Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya
Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana
Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia
Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology and Immunology
Unit 7: Genetics, Asymptoms, Cell and Molecular Biology
Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology
Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship
Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda
Topic 1: Vedic origin & chronological development of Āyurveda
Topic 2: Āyurveda and various schools
Topic 3: Understanding and relevance of asṭāṅga āyurveda
Topic 4: Basic Texts and commentaries of Āyurveda
Topic 5: Contribution of commentators to Āyurveda
Topic 6: Introduction to brhattrayī and its importance
Topic 7: Introduction to laghutrayī and its importance
Topic 8: Basic understanding of niṣḥanṭu and kosa of Āyurveda
Topic 9: Contribution of contemporary publications in Āyurveda
Topic 10: Government initiatives for development of Āyurveda
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Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda
Topic 1: āyu – laksana, paryāya, paribhāṣā and pramāṇa
Topic 2: Definitions of šarīra, jñānendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, ahamkāra, ātmā
Topic 3: lokapuruṣa sāmya siddhānta, ekadhātu purusa, saddhātuja purusa, caturvinṣati tatvātmaka purusa and their relevance
Topic 4: Definitions of Ayurveda – hitāyu – ahitāyu, sukhāyu – dukhāyu, trisūtra āyurveda – hetu lirḥga-auṣadha-jñāna svastha ātura
Topic 5: svāsthya laksana – Dimensions of Health Corresponding to nature, prakrti, rtucaryā, dinacaryā, svasthavṛtta
Topic 6: pamcamahābhūta – ākāśa-vāyu-agni-jala-prthvī and their specific properties
Topic 7: Theories of sāmānya and višeṣa
Topic 8: padārtha – theories of dravya-guna-karma-sāmānya-viṣeṣa-samavāya
Topic 9: doṣa – šarīrika and mānasika
Topic 10: Introduction to dhātu, mala, agni and srotas
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Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya
Topic 1: Introduction to šarīra racanā kriyā
Topic 2: garbhašarīra (fetal development) – šukra, ārtava, garbhādhāna, garbha and māsānumāsika garbha
Topic 3: Introduction to šarīra pramāṇa, samkhyā šarīra, aṅga-pratyaṅga-kosṭhāṅga and āśaya
Topic 4: Introduction to deha prakrti and mānasa prakrti
Topic 5: Introduction to dosa, sapta dhātu and mala vijñāna
Topic 6: Definition and types of – asthi, sandhi, snāyu, pešī, parva and kanḍarā
Topic 7: Definition, types and numbers of srotas, dhamanī, śirā and nāḍī
Topic 8: ojas and its importance
Topic 9: Definition of agni and types – jatharāgni, dhātvāgni and bhūtāgni
Topic 10: marma – Definition and types
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Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana
Topic 1: padartha – Definition and types – saptapadartha
Topic 2: Definition and types of pramā, prameya, pramātā, pramāṇa and pramāṇa catusṭaya
Topic 3: pramāṇa – Definition and types – ἄptopadeša, pratyakṣa, anumāna and yukti pramāṇa
Topic 4: Origin of dravya, Definition and types – kārana and kārya dravya
Topic 5: ausadha and āhāra dravya, āyusya – anāyusya dravya
Topic 6: Basic concept of rasa pañcaka
Topic 7: dravya – nāma-rūpa-guna-karma-yoga-prayoga-samyoga vijñāna
Topic 8: Basic concept, classification, and application guna, vīrya and vipāka
Topic 9: Basic concept of karma and its classification
Topic 10: dravya in accordance with karma and its uses in health and disease
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Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia
Topic 1: Rasa Shastra and bhaigajya Kalpana:
• Origin and Development of rasa šāstra and bhaigajya kalpanā
• rasa – Definition, Types of rasa šodhana prakāra and samskāra
• uparasa sādhārana rasa, ratna, and uparatna, – Definition; Types of šodhana and mārapa
• Principles of ausadha nirmāṇa, jāraṇa, māraṇa, satvapātana, nirvāpa and āvāpa
• Basic concept of bhaigajya kalpanā
• rasašālā – Conventional and Contemporary aspects, Good Collection Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices
• Basic Pharmaceutical dosage forms and Secondary dosage forms of āyurveda
• Definition of pufa, its types and use in various pharmaceutical forms
• ausadha sevana kāla and ausadha sevana mārga
Topic 2: Pharmacopeia:
• Āyurvedic Pharmacopeia of India (API) – Introduction, development and importance
• Āyurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) – Introduction, development and importance
• Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 in relation to ASU Drugs and Standardization of ASU drugs
• Extra-pharmacopoeial drugs (Anukta dravya) not finding place in Ayurvedic Classics
• Knowledge of pharmaco-vigilance in Āyurveda and conventional system of medicine
• Pharmacogenomics of active compounds of Āyurveda and multi-omics approach
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Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology and Immunology
Topic 1: Disease Biology:
• Definition of disease, Etiology and Pathology
• Congenital and Acquired diseases
• Communicable and Non-communicable diseases
• Genetic and Epigenetic factors in health and diseases
• Autoimmune diseases and Lifestyle disorders
• Deficiency and Metabolic diseases
• Psychological disorders
• Benign tumors and various types of cancers
Topic 2: Microbiology:
• Historical perspectives of Microbiology, Immunization, Epidemics and Pandemics
• Antimicrobial resistance, Immune response by microorganisms, Sterilization and disinfection
• Microbial Diversity and Physiology
• Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and Microbiome
• Microorganisms isolation and characterization, culture media
• Environmental microflora, Bio-remediation, Dairy microbiology, Indicator organisms and tests and water borne diseases
• Genetic Recombination, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction
Topic 3: Immunology:
• Role of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins in immune mechanisms
• Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen recognition by T cell and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation and MHC/HLA complex
• Antigen antibody reactions, Innate immune cells, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and Complement system
• Natural and Acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity and toxicity and cytokines
• Immunopathology and autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and allergy, Immunomodulators
• Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell isolation, flow cytometry and Immunotherapy
• History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, Virus-Like Particles, adjuvants and their role in vaccine
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Unit 7: Genetics, Asymptoms, Cell and Molecular Biology
Topic 1: Genetics and Ayurgenomics:
• Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Historical Perspectives of Genetics
• Human genome and its evolution
• Exploring genotype to phenotype correlation, Multi-OMIC and its correlation with dosa-prakyti and medicinal plants
• Basics of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its role in health, diseases and adaptation including drug response
• Population genomics, Disease genomics, Pharmaco-genomics, Nutrigenomics, and scientific approaches and initiatives towards discovery of biomarkers
• Approach, limitation and challenges in discovery, development and delivery of P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory and Promotive) medicinal aspects of Āyurveda
Topic 2: Cell and Molecular Biology:
• Plant and animal cells – Structure and Function
• Early evidences and Experiments of DNA as the genetic material, Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Chargaff’s rule
• Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA; types of RNAs, Concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotic genes, C-value paradox, Triplexes, quadruplexes and aptamers
• DNA replication-conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive models, DNA replicative enzymes and mechanisms of DNA replication
• Types of gene mutations – base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor and lethal mutations; DNA damage and repair mechanisms
• Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic gene, structure and functions of RNA polymerase and its subunits
• Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression and regulation in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, Post-transcriptional modifications and Operon concept
• Basic concepts of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
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Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology
Topic 1: Physiology:
• Fundamentals of human physiology and cellular function
• Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism
• Respiratory and Circulatory Systems – Breathing and exchange of gases, Body fluids and circulation
• Nervous Systems – Central and Autonomic nervous system, Neurophysiology and Cerebrospinal fluids
• Excretory and Endocrine Systems – Excretory products and their elimination from the body, acid-base regulation, Endocrine glands and Hormonal functions
• Reproductive System – Human reproductive physiology and Embryonic development
• Voluntary and Involuntary movements and their coordination
Topic 2: Biochemistry:
• Concept of atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry and their importance in biological systems
• Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism
• Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with lipid metabolism, Lipidomics
• Chemistry and metabolism of Proteins and Amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Mechanisms and specificity of Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors, Disorders associated with protein and amino acid metabolism, proteomics
• Heme synthesis and disorders
• Structure, function and metabolisms of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA
Topic 3: Nanotechnology:
• Physical properties and types of the nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of various basic pharmaceutical forms of Ayurveda and Green nanotechnology
• Synthesis of nanomaterials using different methods, Molecular basis of biosynthesis of nanomaterials, assessment of plant, animal and mineral-based drugs for nanomaterials
• Characterizations of nanoparticles – transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluroscence microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV – visible absorption; photoluminescence; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS)
• Nanomaterials in bio-sensors and other applications and Interaction of nanomaterials
• Molecular basis of nano-formulations
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Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship
Topic 1: Biodiversity and Environmental Health:
• Biodiversity of Medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of environmental health, Pathways for synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and their uses
• Pharmacological properties of secondary and active metabolites of medicinal plants used in Ayurveda
• Concept of ecosystem, structure, function and types of ecosystem, energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession
• Biodiversity and its conservation, Levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots, India as a megabiodiversity nation
• Renewable and non-renewable biological resources and their importance in longevity of life
• Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its impact on indigenous knowledge
Topic 2: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):
• Concept, meaning and types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, nature, philosophy and importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP) and legal framework of IPR
• Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bio-prospecting, benefits to national economy, conservation of environment, protection of livelihood of TK stake- holders, TKS and innovation in Indian medicine system
• Introduction to the Indian patent office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations – Patents Act of India (1970); Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and Geographical Indication Act 1999 etc. with respect to TKS
• The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS – Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) through World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
• WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); FAO; Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing
Topic 3: Entrepreneurship:
• Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial traits, and Entrepreneur versus Manager, Entrepreneurial decision processes, Ethical, Legal and Socio-cultural responsibilities
• Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in relation to food and drugs of Ayurveda for wellness
• Innovations and new ideas in Ayurveda R&D, Product planning, development and troubleshooting, Types of Ayurveda industries and manufacturing, and Competitive dynamics between the sub-industries
• Entrepreneurship development programs of public and private agencies (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), Challenges in Ayurveda industry and decision-making, Patenting and Commercialization strategies
• Laboratory to market – strategies and processes of negotiation with financiers, government and regulatory authorities, Pricing strategy, challenges in marketing in Ayurveda business, Distribution channels, supply chain, Analysis and management of customer needs
• Business preparation including statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility study, Financial management in capital procurement and cost management, Collaborations and partnership
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Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics
Topic 1: Research Methodology:
• Research Methodologies and Bioethics in Ayurveda
• Fundamental principles-based research in Ayurveda
• Food and drug-based research in Ayurveda
• Pre-clinical and Clinical trials – types, protocol designing and data management in accordance with the principles of Ayurveda.
• Various extraction methods of plant materials, Concept of polarity for extraction and Solvents used for the extraction
• Purification of bioactive compounds through various chromatographic methods
• Identification of Functional Groups in Phytochemicals
Topic 2: Biostatistics:
• Average, Mean, Mode, Median; Descriptive statistics, Various Statistical tests of significance and Analysis of variance
• Power and sample size calculation and Basic Principles of Statistical Inference
• Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and Survival analysis
• Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics
• Types of data and its classification, multi-dimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment to data, matrices, eigen values and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition.
• Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
Topic 3: Ayurveda-informatics:
• Chronological Development of Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industries
• Government policies and initiatives for the development of Ayurveda as traditional System of Medicine of India for the wellbeing of the world
• Ordinance, Rules and Regulations in the manufacturing of quality, safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic drugs for the consumers
• Review of important modern works on classical medicinal plants published by Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Govt of India
• Important organizations of Ayurveda – National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia commission, National Medicinal Plants Board and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), etc
• Research publication portals in Ayurveda and contemporary medical science – DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Centre and Research Management Informatic System
• Use of modern technology to confirm the various fundamental principles, drug research and development for communicable and non-communicable diseases
• Health informatics in Ayurveda in present global scenario
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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination
- Total Questions: 100
- Total Marks: 200
- Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Negative Marking: No
- Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
- Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Additional Notes (if any):
- [Text not found in source]
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 63
Subject: AYURVEDA BIOLOGY
Subject Code: 105
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”
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