UGC-NET – Paper II: Women Studies (Code: 74)
Exam Cycle: June 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: Women Studies
Subject Code: 74
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – Women Studies
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)
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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: Introduction to Women’s Studies:
Unit II: Feminist thinkers and theories.
Unit III: Gender and Education:
Unit IV: Women, Work and Employment.
Unit V: Gender and Entrepreneurship:
Unit VI: Women and Health:
Unit VII: Women Empowerment and Development:
Unit VIII: Women Law and Governance:
Unit IX: Gender and Media:
Unit X: Feminist Research Methodology:
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: Introduction to Women’s Studies:
Topic 1: Key concepts in Gender studies.
• Key concepts in Gender studies
Topic 2: Need, Scope and challenges of Women’s Studies – Women’s Studies as an academic discipline. Women’s Studies to Gender Studies, Need for Gender Sensitization.
• Need
• Scope
• challenges of Women’s Studies
• Women’s Studies as an academic discipline
• Women’s Studies to Gender Studies
• Need for Gender Sensitization
Topic 3: Women’s Movements – global and local: Pre-independence, Post-independence and Contemporary Debates.
• global and local
• Pre-independence
• Post-independence
• Contemporary Debates
Topic 4: National Committees and Commissions for Women.
• National Committees and Commissions for Women
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Unit II: Feminist thinkers and theories.
Topic 1: Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Socialist Feminism, Indian Feminism, Black Feminism, Eco-Feminism.
• Liberal Feminism
• Marxist Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Socialist Feminism
• Indian Feminism
• Black Feminism
• Eco-Feminism
Topic 2: New Feminist Debates- Post Colonial /Post Modern, LGBT, Masculinity Studies.
• Post Colonial /Post Modern
• LGBT
• Masculinity Studies
Topic 3: Contemporary Contestations – Intersex and Transgender Movements.
• Intersex and Transgender Movements
Topic 4: Feminist thinkers in 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st Century.
• 18th Century
• 19th Century
• 20th Century
• 21st Century
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Unit III: Gender and Education:
Topic 1: Women’s Education – Gender diversities and disparities in enrolment, Curriculum content, Dropouts, profession and Gender.
• Gender diversities and disparities in enrolment
• Curriculum content
• Dropouts
• profession and Gender
Topic 2: Gendered Education- Family, Culture, Gender roles, Gender Identities.
• Family
• Culture
• Gender roles
• Gender Identities
Topic 3: Education for the Marginalized Women.
• Education for the Marginalized Women
Topic 4: Recent Trends in Women’s Education – Committees and Commissions on Education.
• Committees and Commissions on Education
Topic 5: Vocational education and skill Development for women.
• Vocational education and skill Development for women
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Unit IV: Women, Work and Employment.
Topic 1: Theoretical Perspective: Fredrick Engels, Rosa Luxemburg, Sandra Whiteworth, Boserup Esther.
• Fredrick Engels
• Rosa Luxemburg
• Sandra Whiteworth
• Boserup Esther
Topic 2: Concept of Work – Productive and non – productive work – Use value and market value.
• Productive work
• non – productive work
• Use value
• market value
Topic 3: Gender Division of Labour – Mode of Production – Women in organized and unorganized sector.
• Mode of Production
• Women in organized sector
• Women in unorganized sector
Topic 4: New Economic Policy and its impact on Women’s Employment – Globalization – Structural Adjustment Programs.
• Globalization
• Structural Adjustment Programs
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Unit V: Gender and Entrepreneurship:
Topic 1: Concept and meaning, Importance of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial traits, Factors contributing to Entrepreneurship, enabling environment, small Enterprises, women in agri-business.
• Concept and meaning
• Importance of Entrepreneurship
• Entrepreneurial traits
• Factors contributing to Entrepreneurship
• enabling environment
• small Enterprises
• women in agri-business
Topic 2: Gender and emerging Technology – Impact.
• Impact
Topic 3: Self-help Groups and Micro Credit.
• Self-help Groups
• Micro Credit
Topic 4: Gender mainstreaming, Gender budgeting, planning and Analysis.
• Gender mainstreaming
• Gender budgeting
• planning
• Analysis
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Unit VI: Women and Health:
Topic 1: Life Cycle Approach to Women’s Health – Health status of women in India, factors influencing health and Nutritional status.
• Health status of women in India
• factors influencing health
• Nutritional status
Topic 2: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) to Reproductive and Child health approaches.
• Maternal and Child Health (MCH)
• Reproductive and Child health approaches
Topic 3: Issues of declining Child Sex Ratio, Widowhood and old age.
• declining Child Sex Ratio
• Widowhood
• old age
Topic 4: Occupational and mental health.
• Occupational health
• mental health
Topic 5: Health, Hygiene and Sanitation.
• Health
• Hygiene
• Sanitation
Topic 6: National Health and Population Policies and Programmes.
• National Health and Population Policies and Programmes
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Unit VII: Women Empowerment and Development:
Topic 1: Theories of Development, Alternative approaches – Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD).
• Women in Development (WID)
• Women and Development (WAD)
• Gender and Development (GAD)
Topic 2: Empowerment- Concept and indices: Gender Development Index (GDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI).
• Concept and indices
• Gender Development Index (GDI)
• Gender Inequality Index (GII)
• Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI)
Topic 3: Women Development approaches in Indian Five – Year Plans.
• Women Development approaches in Indian Five – Year Plans
Topic 4: Women and leadership– Panchayati Raj and Role of NGOs and Women Development.
• Panchayati Raj
• Role of NGOs
• Women Development
Topic 5: Sustainable Development Goals, Policies and Programmes.
• Sustainable Development Goals
• Policies
• Programmes
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Unit VIII: Women Law and Governance:
Topic 1: Rights: Gender Equality, Gender Discrimination, Women’s Rights as Human Rights.
• Gender Equality
• Gender Discrimination
• Women’s Rights as Human Rights
Topic 2: Constitutional provisions for Women in India.
• Constitutional provisions for Women in India
Topic 3: Personal laws, Labour Laws, Family Courts, Enforcement machinery – Police and Judiciary.
• Personal laws
• Labour Laws
• Family Courts
• Enforcement machinery
• Police
• Judiciary
Topic 4: Crime against Women and Child: Child Abuse, Violence, Human Trafficking, Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act, 2013 – Legal protection.
• Child Abuse
• Violence
• Human Trafficking
• Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act, 2013
• Legal protection
Topic 5: International Conventions and Legislations Related to Women’s Rights.
• International Conventions and Legislations Related to Women’s Rights
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Unit IX: Gender and Media:
Topic 1: Discourse on Women and Media Studies- Mainstream Media, Feminist Media.
• Mainstream Media
• Feminist Media
Topic 2: Coverage of Women’s issues and issues of women in Mass Media and Media Organizations (Audio-Visual and Print media).
• Mass Media
• Media Organizations
• Audio-Visual media
• Print media
Topic 3: Digital Media and legal protection.
• Digital Media
• legal protection
Topic 4: Alternative Media – Folk Art, Street Play and Theatre.
• Folk Art
• Street Play
• Theatre
Topic 5: Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, Impact of media on women.
• Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
• Impact of media on women
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Unit X: Feminist Research Methodology:
Topic 1: Understanding Feminist Research – Concepts, Debates and Limitations.
• Concepts
• Debates
• Limitations
Topic 2: Feminist Epistemology, Feminist Standpoint, Sexist and Non-Sexist Research Methodology, Ethnography, Queer Theories.
• Feminist Epistemology
• Feminist Standpoint
• Sexist Research Methodology
• Non-Sexist Research Methodology
• Ethnography
• Queer Theories
Topic 3: Research Design and Methods – Survey, Exploratory, Diagnostic, Experimental, Action Research and Case Studies.
• Survey
• Exploratory
• Diagnostic
• Experimental
• Action Research
• Case Studies
Topic 4: Qualitative verses Quantitative Research.
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination
- Total Questions: 100
- Total Marks: 200
- Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Negative Marking: No
- Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
- Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 44
Subject: Women Studies
Subject Code: 74
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”
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Yoga (Code: 100)
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UGC-NET – Paper II: Yoga (Code: 100)
Exam Cycle: 2026
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Subject Name: Yoga
Subject Code: 100
Conducting Body: National Testing Agency (NTA)
Paper Type: Paper-II – Yoga
Total Marks: 200
Total Questions: 100 MCQs
Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
Duration: 3 Hours (Paper I + II combined)
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COMPLETE LIST OF UNITS
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Unit I: Fundamentals of Yoga: History and Various Schools of Yoga:
Unit II: Yogic Texts- I: Principal Upanishads, BhagavadGita, Yoga Vasishtha.
Unit III: Yogic texts- II: Yoga Upanishads:
Unit IV: Patanjala Yoga Sutra:
Unit V: Hatha Yoga texts.
Unit VI: General Psychology.
Unit VII: Yoga and Health.
Unit VIII: Therapeutic Yoga –.
Unit IX: Applications of Yoga.
Unit X: Practical Yoga.
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
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Unit I: Fundamentals of Yoga: History and Various Schools of Yoga:
Topic 1: History and Development of Yoga; Meaning & Definitions, Misconceptions, Aim and Objectives of Yoga.
• History and Development of Yoga
• Meaning & Definitions
• Misconceptions
• Aim and Objectives of Yoga
Topic 2: Introduction to Vedas, Upanishads and Prasthanatrayee; Concept of Purushartha Chatushtaya.
• Introduction to Vedas
• Upanishads
• Prasthanatrayee
• Concept of Purushartha Chatushtaya
Topic 3: Basic concepts of Shad-darshanas- Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics and Liberation with special emphasis to Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta Darshana.
• Basic concepts of Shad-darshanas
• Epistemology
• Metaphysics
• Ethics
• Liberation
• Samkhya
• Yoga
• Vedanta Darshana
Topic 4: Introduction to Epics and Smriti- yoga in Ramayana (Aranyakand), Mahabharata (Shantiparva) and Yajnavalkya Smriti.
• Introduction to Epics and Smriti
• yoga in Ramayana (Aranyakand)
• yoga in Mahabharata (Shantiparva)
• yoga in Yajnavalkya Smriti
Topic 5: Brief introduction and yogic contribution of Maharshi Patanjali and Guru Gorakshanath Traditions.
• Brief introduction and yogic contribution of Maharshi Patanjali
• Guru Gorakshanath Traditions
Topic 6: Yoga in Narada Bhaktisutra and Yoga in the Literature of Saints- Kabirdas, Tulasidas and Surdas.
• Yoga in Narada Bhaktisutra
• Yoga in the Literature of Saints- Kabirdas
• Tulasidas
• Surdas
Topic 7: Yoga in Modern Times: Yogic Traditions of Swami Vivekananda, Shri Aurobindo; Maharshi Ramana and Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati.
• Yoga in Modern Times
• Yogic Traditions of Swami Vivekananda
• Shri Aurobindo
• Maharshi Ramana
• Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati
Topic 8: Yoga in Contemporary Times: Brief Introduction of Sri Shyamacharan Lahidi ,Sri T. Krishnamacharya, Swami Shivanada Saraswati, Swami Rama of Himalayas, Maharshi Mahesh Yogi, Pt. Sri Ram Sharma Acharya and their contribution for the development and promotion of Yoga.
• Yoga in Contemporary Times
• Brief Introduction of Sri Shyamacharan Lahidi
• Sri T. Krishnamacharya
• Swami Shivanada Saraswati
• Swami Rama of Himalayas
• Maharshi Mahesh Yogi
• Pt. Sri Ram Sharma Acharya
• their contribution for the development and promotion of Yoga
Topic 9: Introduction to Jnanayoga, Bhaktiyoga, Karmayoga, Rajayoga, Hathayoga and Mantra Yoga.
• Introduction to Jnanayoga
• Bhaktiyoga
• Karmayoga
• Rajayoga
• Hathayoga
• Mantra Yoga
Topic 10: Elements of Yoga in Jainism and Buddhism.
• Elements of Yoga in Jainism
• Elements of Yoga in Buddhism
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Unit II: Yogic Texts- I: Principal Upanishads, BhagavadGita, Yoga Vasishtha.
Topic 1: Principal Upanishads.
• Brief Introduction of Ten Principal Upanishads
Topic 2: Ishavasyopanishad:Concept of Karmanishta; Concept of Vidya and Avidya; Knowledge of Brahman; Atma Bhava.
• Concept of Karmanishta
• Concept of Vidya and Avidya
• Knowledge of Brahman
• Atma Bhava
Topic 3: KenaUpanishad: Self and the Mind; Intuitive realization of the truth; Moral of Yaksha Upakhyana.
• Self and the Mind
• Intuitive realization of the truth
• Moral of Yaksha Upakhyana
Topic 4: KathaUpanishad: Definition of Yoga; Nature of Soul; Importance of Self Realization.
• Definition of Yoga
• Nature of Soul
• Importance of Self Realization
Topic 5: Prashna Upanishad: Concept of Prana and rayi (creation); Panchapranas; The six main questions.
• Concept of Prana and rayi (creation)
• Panchapranas
• The six main questions
Topic 6: Mundaka Upanishad: Two approaches to Brahma- Vidya- Para and Apara; The greatness of Brahmavidya; Worthlessness of Selfish-karma; Tapas and Gurubhakti; The origin of creation, the ultimate aim of Meditation- Brahmanubhuti.
• Two approaches to Brahma- Vidya- Para and Apara
• The greatness of Brahmavidya
• Worthlessness of Selfish-karma
• Tapas and Gurubhakti
• The origin of creation
• the ultimate aim of Meditation- Brahmanubhuti
Topic 7: Mandukya Upanishad: Four States of Consciousness and their relation to syllables in Omkara.
• Four States of Consciousness
• their relation to syllables in Omkara
Topic 8: Attareya Upanishad: Concept of Atma, Universe and Brahman.
• Concept of Atma
• Universe
• Brahman
Topic 9: Taittiriya Upanishad: Concept of Pancha Kosha; Summary of Shiksha Valli, AnandaValli, Bhriguvalli.
• Concept of Pancha Kosha
• Summary of Shiksha Valli
• AnandaValli
• Bhriguvalli
Topic 10: Chhandogya Upanishad: Om (udgitha) Meditation; Shandilyavidya.
• Om (udgitha) Meditation
• Shandilyavidya
Topic 11: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: Concept of Atman and Jnana Yoga; Union of Atman and Paramatman.
• Concept of Atman and Jnana Yoga
• Union of Atman and Paramatman
Topic 12: Bhagavad Gita.
• General Introduction to Bhagavad Gita
• Definitions of Yoga, their relevance & Scope
• Essentials of Bhagavad Gita – meanings of the terms Atmaswarupa, Sithaprajna, Sankhya Yoga (Chpt.II)
• Karma Yoga (Chpt.III )
• Samnyasa Yoga and Karma Swarupa (Sakama and Nishkama) Samnyasa
• Dhyana Yogas (Chpt. VI)
• Types of Bhakta(Chpt. VII)
• Nature of Bhakti (Chpt.XII)
• Means and End of Bhakti-Yoga
• The Trigunas and nature of Prakriti
• Three Kinds of Faith
• Food for Yoga-Sadhaka
• Classification of food (Chpt.XIV & XVII)
• Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga Yoga (Chpt.XVI)
• Moksa-SamnyasaYoga (Chpt. XVIII)
Topic 13: Yoga Vasishtha: Salient features of Yoga Vashitha, Concept of Adhis and Vyadhis; Psychosomatic Aliments; The four Dwarpaals to Freedom; How Sukha is attained in the Highest State of Bliss; Practices to overcome the Impediments of Yoga; Development of Satvaguna; Eighthimbs of Meditation; Jnana Saptabhumika.
• Salient features of Yoga Vashitha
• Concept of Adhis and Vyadhis
• Psychosomatic Aliments
• The four Dwarpaals to Freedom
• How Sukha is attained in the Highest State of Bliss
• Practices to overcome the Impediments of Yoga
• Development of Satvaguna
• Eighthimbs of Meditation
• Jnana Saptabhumika
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Unit III: Yogic texts- II: Yoga Upanishads:
Topic 1: Swetasvataropanishad: (Chapter II) Techniques and Importance of Dhyanyoga, suitable place for Dhyana, sequence of pranayama & its importance, Prior symptoms of Yogasiddhis, Importance of Yogasiddhis, Tattvajna, (ChapterVI) Nature of God, techniques for Realization, Attainment of liberation.
• Techniques and Importance of Dhyanyoga
• suitable place for Dhyana
• sequence of pranayama & its importance
• Prior symptoms of Yogasiddhis
• Importance of Yogasiddhis
• Tattvajna
• Nature of God
• techniques for Realization
• Attainment of liberation
Topic 2: Yogakundali Upanishad: Methods of Pranayama Siddhi, Types of Pranayama, means of Self -realization.
• Methods of Pranayama Siddhi
• Types of Pranayama
• means of Self -realization
Topic 3: Yogachudamadi Upanishad: The description of the six limbs of yoga, their results and sequence.
• The description of the six limbs of yoga
• their results
• sequence
Topic 4: Trishikhibrahmanopanishad: description of Ashtangayoga, Karmayoga and Jnanayoga.
• description of Ashtangayoga
• Karmayoga
• Jnanayoga
Topic 5: Yogatattva Upnishad: Mantrayoga, Layayoga, Hathyoga, Rajayoga and their stages, diet and Dincharya, primary symptoms of yoga siddhis and precautions.
• Mantrayoga
• Layayoga
• Hathyoga
• Rajayoga and their stages
• diet and Dincharya
• primary symptoms of yoga siddhis
• precautions
Topic 6: Dhyanbindoopanishad: importance of Dhyanayoga, Nature of Pranav, Techniques of Pranav meditation, Shadangyoga, Atmadarshan through Nadanusandhan.
• importance of Dhyanayoga
• Nature of Pranav
• Techniques of Pranav meditation
• Shadangyoga
• Atmadarshan through Nadanusandhan
Topic 7: Nadabindoopanishad: Hansavidya : description of various limbs of Omkar, 12 matras of omkar and its results of their application with Pranas, Types of nadas, nature of nadanusandhan sadhana, state of Manolaya.
• Hansavidya
• description of various limbs of Omkar
• 12 matras of omkar and its results of their application with Pranas
• Types of nadas
• nature of nadanusandhan sadhana
• state of Manolaya
Topic 8: Yogarajopnishad: Mantrayoga, Layayoga, Hathayoga, Rajayoga, nine chakras, procedures of Dhyana and its results.
• Mantrayoga
• Layayoga
• Hathayoga
• Rajayoga
• nine chakras
• procedures of Dhyana
• its results
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Unit IV: Patanjala Yoga Sutra:
Topic 1: SAMADHI PAADA : Yoga, meaning & Nature of yoga; Concept of Chitta, Chitta-Bhumis, Chitta-Vrittis, Chitta-Vrittinirodhopaya, Abhyasa and Vairagya as the tools, Concept of Bhavapratyaya & Upaypratayaya, Sadhan Panchak, Chitta-Vikshepas (Antaraya), Ektattva Abhyasa,Chitta-prasadanam. Types and nature of Samadhi: Adhyatmaprasada and Ritambharaprajna; Samprajnata, Asamprajnata, Sabeeja & Nirbeeja Samadhi, Difference between Samapattis and Samadhi; Concept of Ishwara and attributes of Ishwara, Process of Ishwarapranidhana.
• Yoga, meaning & Nature of yoga
• Concept of Chitta
• Chitta-Bhumis
• Chitta-Vrittis
• Chitta-Vrittinirodhopaya
• Abhyasa and Vairagya as the tools
• Concept of Bhavapratyaya & Upaypratayaya
• Sadhan Panchak
• Chitta-Vikshepas (Antaraya)
• Ektattva Abhyasa
• Chitta-prasadanam
• Types and nature of Samadhi: Adhyatmaprasada and Ritambharaprajna
• Samprajnata
• Asamprajnata
• Sabeeja & Nirbeeja Samadhi
• Difference between Samapattis and Samadhi
• Concept of Ishwara and attributes of Ishwara
• Process of Ishwarapranidhana
Topic 2: SADHANA PAADA: Concept of Kriya Yoga, theory of Kleshas ; Concept of Karmashaya and Karmvipaka, Nature of dhukha, Concept of Chaturvyuhavada, Drishyanirupanam, Drasthanirupanam, Prakriti-Purusha Samyoga; Brief Introduction to Ashtanga Yoga; YamaNiyama; Concept of Vitarka & Mahavrata; Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara and their siddhis.
• Concept of Kriya Yoga
• theory of Kleshas
• Concept of Karmashaya and Karmvipaka
• Nature of dhukha
• Concept of Chaturvyuhavada
• Drishyanirupanam
• Drasthanirupanam
• Prakriti-Purusha Samyoga
• Brief Introduction to Ashtanga Yoga
• YamaNiyama
• Concept of Vitarka & Mahavrata
• Asana
• Pranayama
• Pratyahara
• their siddhis
Topic 3: VIBHUTI–PAADA: Introduction of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi, Nature of Sanyama; Concept of Chitta samskara, Parinamatraya and vibhutis.
• Introduction of Dharana
• Dhyana
• Samadhi
• Nature of Sanyama
• Concept of Chitta samskara
• Parinamatraya
• vibhutis
Topic 4: KAIVALYA PAADA: Five means of Siddhis, concept of Nirman Chitta, Importance of siddhis achieved through Samadhi, Four types of Karmas; Concept of Vasana; Dharmamegh Samadhi and its result, Viveka Khyati Nirupanam, Kaivalya Nirvachana.
• Five means of Siddhis
• concept of Nirman Chitta
• Importance of siddhis achieved through Samadhi
• Four types of Karmas
• Concept of Vasana
• Dharmamegh Samadhi and its result
• Viveka Khyati Nirupanam
• Kaivalya Nirvachana
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Unit V: Hatha Yoga texts.
Topic 1: Introduction to Hatha Yoga and Hatha Yoga Texts. Yoga Beeja, Goraksha Samhita, Vashishtha Samhita, Shiva Samhita, Siddhasiddhantapaddhati, Hatha Pradeepika, Gheranda Samhita and Hatha Ratnavali. Aim & objectives,misconceptions about Hathayoga, prerequisites of Hathayoga (dasha yama and dasha niyama),Sadhaka and Badhaka tativas in Hathayoga; Concept of Ghata, Ghatashuddhi, Concept and importance of Shodhana kriyas in Hathayoga; Importance of Shodhana kriyas in health and disease; Concept of Matha, Mitaahara, Rules & Regulations to be followed by Hatha Yoga Sadhakas.
• Introduction to Hatha Yoga and Hatha Yoga Texts
• Yoga Beeja
• Goraksha Samhita
• Vashishtha Samhita
• Shiva Samhita
• Siddhasiddhantapaddhati
• Hatha Pradeepika
• Gheranda Samhita
• Hatha Ratnavali
• Aim & objectives
• misconceptions about Hathayoga
• prerequisites of Hathayoga (dasha yama and dasha niyama)
• Sadhaka and Badhaka tativas in Hathayoga
• Concept of Ghata
• Ghatashuddhi
• Concept and importance of Shodhana kriyas in Hathayoga
• Importance of Shodhana kriyas in health and disease
• Concept of Matha
• Mitaahara
• Rules & Regulations to be followed by Hatha Yoga Sadhakas
Topic 2: Asanas in Hatha Texts: Definition, pre requisites and special features of Yoga-asana; Asanas in Hatha Pradeepika, Hatha Ratnavali, Shiv Samhita, Vasishtha Samhita,Gheranda Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications of different Asanas.
• Definition, pre requisites and special features of Yoga-asana
• Asanas in Hatha Pradeepika
• Hatha Ratnavali
• Shiv Samhita
• Vasishtha Samhita
• Gheranda Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications of different Asanas
Topic 3: Pranayama in Hatha Texts: – Concept of Prana and Pranayama; Pranayama-its phases and stages; Prerequisites of Pranayama in Hathayoga Sadhana; Pranayama in Hatha Pradeepika, Gheranda Samhita; Shiv Samhita, Vashishtha Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications of different Pranayama.
• Concept of Prana and Pranayama
• Pranayama-its phases and stages
• Prerequisites of Pranayama in Hathayoga Sadhana
• Pranayama in Hatha Pradeepika
• Gheranda Samhita
• Shiv Samhita
• Vashishtha Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications of different Pranayama
Topic 4: Bandha, Mudra and other practices: Concept and definition of Bandha and Mudras in Hatha Pradeepika, Hatha Ratnavali and Gheranda Samhita; Shiv Samhita, Vashishtha Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications. Concept, definition, benefits and Techniques of Pratyahara, Dhyana in Gheranda Samhita; Concept and benefits of Nada and Nadanusandhana in Hatha Pradeepika, Four (stages) Avasthas of Nadanusandhana; Relationship between Hatha Yoga and Raja Yoga; Goal of Hatha Yoga. Relevance of Hatha Yoga in contemporary times.
• Concept and definition of Bandha and Mudras in Hatha Pradeepika
• Hatha Ratnavali
• Gheranda Samhita
• Shiv Samhita
• Vashishtha Samhita-benefits, precautions and contra indications
• Concept, definition, benefits and Techniques of Pratyahara
• Dhyana in Gheranda Samhita
• Concept and benefits of Nada and Nadanusandhana in Hatha Pradeepika
• Four (stages) Avasthas of Nadanusandhana
• Relationship between Hatha Yoga and Raja Yoga
• Goal of Hatha Yoga
• Relevance of Hatha Yoga in contemporary times
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Unit VI: General Psychology.
Topic 1: Introduction to Altered States of Consciousness.
• Sleep: Stages of Sleep
• Sleep Disorders
Topic 2: Behavioural Psychology: Psychology as a Science of Behaviour; Psychological basis of behaviour.
• Psychology as a Science of Behaviour
• Psychological basis of behaviour
Topic 3: Personality: Nature and Types of Personality; Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment; Facets and Stages of Personality Development.
• Nature and Types of Personality
• Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment
• Facets and Stages of Personality Development
Topic 4: Cognitive Psychology: Sensation, Perception, Attention, Memory, Learning :- Their definitions and types.
• Sensation
• Perception
• Attention
• Memory
• Learning :- Their definitions and types
Topic 5: Mental Health; Causes and Consequences of Mental Conflicts and Frustrations; Introduction to Common mental disorders: Insomnia, Depression, Stress, Anxiety disorders.
• Mental Health
• Causes and Consequences of Mental Conflicts and Frustrations
• Introduction to Common mental disorders: Insomnia
• Depression
• Stress
• Anxiety disorders
Topic 6: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology.
• Introduction to cell, tissue, organs and systems
• Basic cell physiology-Cell-Introduction, Cell Organelles, Cell membrane, Movement of the substances and water through the cell membrane, Bioelectric potentials
Topic 7: Musculoskeletal systems: Skeleton – names of all bones, joints and muscles, cartilage, tendon and ligaments, types of bone, joints and their functions; spine, muscles and their functions; Skeletal muscles – Properties of skeletal muscles, Muscular contraction and relaxation, Neuromuscular junction, Sarcotubular system, Smooth muscle-mechanism of contraction.
• Skeleton – names of all bones, joints and muscles, cartilage, tendon and ligaments
• types of bone, joints and their functions
• spine, muscles and their functions
• Skeletal muscles – Properties of skeletal muscles
• Muscular contraction and relaxation
• Neuromuscular junction
• Sarcotubular system
• Smooth muscle-mechanism of contraction
Topic 8: Digestive and excretory system: Anatomy of digestive system, excretory system (component organs) and their functions; Gastro intestinal system- General structure of alimentary canal, Gastric secretion, Pancreatic secretion, Gastric motility-digestive peristalsis Gastrointestinal hormones. Renal physiology- Structure of kidney, Nephrons, Juxtra glomerular filtrate, Reabsorption, Secretion-mechanism of secretion, Concentrating and diluting mechanism of urine, Dialysis.
• Anatomy of digestive system
• excretory system (component organs) and their functions
• Gastro intestinal system- General structure of alimentary canal
• Gastric secretion
• Pancreatic secretion
• Gastric motility-digestive peristalsis
• Gastrointestinal hormones
• Renal physiology- Structure of kidney
• Nephrons
• Juxtra glomerular filtrate
• Reabsorption
• Secretion-mechanism of secretion
• Concentrating and diluting mechanism of urine
• Dialysis
Topic 9: Nervous system and glands: Structure and properties of neurons, subdivisions of nervous system and their functions, types of glands (endocrine and exocrine glands), important endocrine and exocrine glands and types of hormones their functions. Sensory nervous system, Motor nervous system, Higher functions of the nervous system, Synapse, Reflexes Cerebrospinal fluid, Blood brain and blood CSF barrier.
• Structure and properties of neurons
• subdivisions of nervous system and their functions
• types of glands (endocrine and exocrine glands)
• important endocrine and exocrine glands and types of hormones their functions
• Sensory nervous system
• Motor nervous system
• Higher functions of the nervous system
• Synapse
• Reflexes
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Blood brain and blood CSF barrier
Topic 10: Cardiovascular and respiratory system: Components of cardiovascular and respiratory system; functions of cardiovascular and respiratory system; Circulatory system-Functional anatomy of the heart, Properties of cardiac muscles, Conducting system of the heart, Pressure changes during cardiac cycles, Capillary circulation, Arterial and venous blood pressure; Respiratory system-Mechanism of breathing, Ventilation, Regulation of respiration, Transport of gases, Hypoxia, Artificial ventilation, Non respiratory functions of the lungs.
• Components of cardiovascular and respiratory system
• functions of cardiovascular and respiratory system
• Circulatory system-Functional anatomy of the heart
• Properties of cardiac muscles
• Conducting system of the heart
• Pressure changes during cardiac cycles
• Capillary circulation
• Arterial and venous blood pressure
• Respiratory system-Mechanism of breathing
• Ventilation
• Regulation of respiration
• Transport of gases
• Hypoxia
• Artificial ventilation
• Non respiratory functions of the lungs
Topic 11: Immune system: Component organs of immune system, Functions of immune system; Endocrinology-Endocrine glands, hormones, their functions.
• Component organs of immune system
• Functions of immune system
• Endocrinology-Endocrine glands
• hormones
• their functions
Topic 12: Reproductive system: Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems.
• Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems
Topic 13: Basic concepts and components of food and nutrition Understanding Nutrition, Basic Terminology in Relation to Nutrition Requirement, Human Nutritional Requirements; Concept of food, Acceptance of Food, Functions of Food; Components of Food & their Classification; Macro Nutrients –Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Micro Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Fat Soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Water soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Significance of Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals and water, Excessive and deficiency diseases of nutrients in the body; Antioxidants and their Role.
• Understanding Nutrition
• Basic Terminology in Relation to Nutrition Requirement
• Human Nutritional Requirements
• Concept of food
• Acceptance of Food
• Functions of Food
• Components of Food & their Classification
• Macro Nutrients –Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body
• Micro Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body
• Fat Soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body
• Water soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body
• Significance of Carbohydrate
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Vitamins
• Minerals and water
• Excessive and deficiency diseases of nutrients in the body
• Antioxidants and their Role
Topic 14: Yogic concept of diet and its relevance in the management of lifestyle.
• Yogic concept of diet and its relevance in the management of lifestyle
Topic 15: Nutrients, proximate principles of diet, balanced diet concept; Carbohydrates, proteins, fats – sources, nutritive values, importance; Minerals-calcium, iron, phosphorus etc. Vitamins – sources, roles, requirements.
• Nutrients, proximate principles of diet, balanced diet concept
• Carbohydrates, proteins, fats – sources, nutritive values, importance
• Minerals-calcium, iron, phosphorus etc
• Vitamins – sources, roles, requirements
Topic 16: Food groups. Cereals & Millets –Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value; Pulses, Nuts and Oil Seeds- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value; Milk and Milk Products- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value; Vegetables and Fruits- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value, Fats, Oils and Sugar, Jaggery, Honey, sprouts- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value.
• Cereals & Millets –Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value
• Pulses, Nuts and Oil Seeds- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value
• Milk and Milk Products- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value
• Vegetables and Fruits- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value
• Fats, Oils and Sugar, Jaggery, Honey, sprouts- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value
Topic 17: Food and metabolism. Energy- Basic Concepts, Definition and Components of Energy Requirement, Energy Imbalance Concept of Metabolism, Anabolism, Catabolism, Calorie Requirement-BMR, SDA, Physical Activity; Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein; Factors Affecting Energy; Requirement and Expenditure, Factors affecting BMR.
• Food and metabolism
• Energy- Basic Concepts
• Definition and Components of Energy Requirement
• Energy Imbalance
• Concept of Metabolism
• Anabolism
• Catabolism
• Calorie Requirement-BMR
• SDA
• Physical Activity
• Metabolism of Carbohydrates
• Lipids and Protein
• Factors Affecting Energy
• Requirement and Expenditure
• Factors affecting BMR
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Unit VII: Yoga and Health.
Topic 1: Definition & Importance of Health According to WHO; Dimensions of Health: Physical, Mental, Social and Spiritual.
• Definition & Importance of Health According to WHO
• Dimensions of Health: Physical, Mental, Social and Spiritual
Topic 2: Concepts of Trigunas, Pancha-mahabhutas, Pancha-prana and their role in Health and Healing; Concept of Pancha-koshas & Shat-chakra and their role in Health and Healing.
• Concepts of Trigunas
• Pancha-mahabhutas
• Pancha-prana and their role in Health and Healing
• Concept of Pancha-koshas & Shat-chakra and their role in Health and Healing
Topic 3: Role of Yoga in preventive health care – Yoga as a way of life, Heyamdukhamanagatam; Potential causes of Ill-health: Tapatrayas and Kleshas, Physical and Physiological manifestation of Disease: Vyadhi, Alasya, Angamejayatva and Ssvasa-prashvasa.
• Role of Yoga in preventive health care – Yoga as a way of life
• Heyamdukhamanagatam
• Potential causes of Ill-health: Tapatrayas and Kleshas
• Physical and Physiological manifestation of Disease: Vyadhi
• Alasya
• Angamejayatva
• Ssvasa-prashvasa
Topic 4: Mental and Emotional ill Health: Styana, Samshaya, Pramada, Avirati, Bhranti-darsana, Alabdha-bhumikatva, Anavasthitatva, Duhkha and Daurmanasya.
• Styana
• Samshaya
• Pramada
• Avirati
• Bhranti-darsana
• Alabdha-bhumikatva
• Anavasthitatva
• Duhkha
• Daurmanasya
Topic 5: Yogic Diet – General Introduction of Ahara; Concept of Mitahara; Classification in Yogic diet according to traditional Yoga texts; Diet according to the body constitution (Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas.
• General Introduction of Ahara
• Concept of Mitahara
• Classification in Yogic diet according to traditional Yoga texts
• Diet according to the body constitution (Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas
Topic 6: Concepts of Diet: Pathya and Apathya according to Gheranda Samhita, Hathapradeepikaand Bhagavad Gita; Importance of Yogic Diet in Yog Sadhana and its role in healthy living; Diet according to the body constitution ( Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas.
• Concepts of Diet: Pathya and Apathya according to Gheranda Samhita
• Hathapradeepikaand Bhagavad Gita
• Importance of Yogic Diet in Yog Sadhana and its role in healthy living
• Diet according to the body constitution ( Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas
Topic 7: Yogic Principles of Healthy Living: Ahara, Vihara, Achara and Vichara; Role of Yogic Positive Attitudes (Maitri, Karuna, Mudita and Upeksha) for Healthy Living, Concept of Bhavas and Bhavanas with its relevance in Health and well-being.
• Yogic Principles of Healthy Living: Ahara
• Vihara
• Achara
• Vichara
• Role of Yogic Positive Attitudes (Maitri, Karuna, Mudita and Upeksha) for Healthy Living
• Concept of Bhavas and Bhavanas with its relevance in Health and well-being
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Unit VIII: Therapeutic Yoga –.
Topic 1: Yogic Practice – Management of the diseases through suitable yogic practices – Yogic diet, Yama and Niyama, Shatkarma, Asanas, Pranayama; Meditation; changes in lifestyle according to yogic scriptures.
• Management of the diseases through suitable yogic practices
• Yogic diet
• Yama and Niyama
• Shatkarma
• Asanas
• Pranayama
• Meditation
• changes in lifestyle according to yogic scriptures
Topic 2: Integrated Approach of Yoga therapy for the following Common Aliments.
• Respiratory disorders – Allergic Rhinitis & Sinusitis: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchial asthama
• Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension, Angina pectoris, Cardiac asthma
• Endocrinal and Metabolic Disorder – Diabetes Mellitus, Hypo and Hyper- Thyroidism; Obesity: Metabolic Syndrome
• Obstetrics and Gynecological Disorders, Menstrual Disorders: Dysmenorrhea, Menopause and peri-menopausal syndrome: Yoga for Pregnancy and Childbirth, Antenatal care, Post-natal care
• Gastrointestinal Disorders: Gastritis, Indigestion, Peptic Ulcers, Constipation, Diarrhoea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, colitis, Piles
• Muscular-Skeletal Disorders: Back Pain, Intervertebral disc prolapse (IVDP) Lumbar Spondylosys, Cervical Spondylosis, Arthritis
• Neurological Disorders: Migraine, Tension-headache, Epilepsy
• Psychiatric Disorders: Neurosis, Anxiety disorders, Phobias, Depression
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Unit IX: Applications of Yoga.
Topic 1: Applied Philosophy: Yoga as Applied philosophy; Meaning, definition and nature of consciousness as described in Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagwad Gita, Yogasutra and Yogavashishtha; Spiritual and scientific approach to human consciousness. Yogic Method of elevation of human consciousness: Bhaktiyoga, Jnanyoga, Karmayoga, Mantrayoga, Ashtangayoga, Hathayoga.
• Yoga as Applied philosophy
• Meaning, definition and nature of consciousness as described in Vedas
• Upanishads
• Bhagwad Gita
• Yogasutra and Yogavashishtha
• Spiritual and scientific approach to human consciousness
• Yogic Method of elevation of human consciousness: Bhaktiyoga
• Jnanyoga
• Karmayoga
• Mantrayoga
• Ashtangayoga
• Hathayoga
Topic 2: Yoga in Education: Salient features of Yoga Education, Factors of Yoga Education; Teacher, Student and Teaching, Value based education- Meaning and definition, types of values.
• Salient features of Yoga Education
• Factors of Yoga Education
• Teacher, Student and Teaching
• Value based education- Meaning and definition
• types of values
Topic 3: Teaching Methodology in Yoga: Teaching and Learning: Concepts and Relationship between the two; Principles of Teaching: Meaning and scope of Teaching methods and factors influencing them; Teaching techniques- Individual, group and mass.
• Teaching and Learning: Concepts and Relationship between the two
• Principles of Teaching: Meaning and scope of Teaching methods and factors influencing them
• Teaching techniques- Individual
• group
• mass
Topic 4: Essentials of Good Lesson Plan: concepts, needs, planning of teaching Yoga (Shodhanakriya, Asana, Mudra, Pranayama & Meditation).
• concepts
• needs
• planning of teaching Yoga (Shodhanakriya, Asana, Mudra, Pranayama & Meditation)
Topic 5: Models of Lesson Plan; need for a lesson plan and content plan; Eight Step method of Introduction as developed in Kaivalyadhama.
• Models of Lesson Plan
• need for a lesson plan and content plan
• Eight Step method of Introduction as developed in Kaivalyadhama
Topic 6: Evaluation methods of an ideal Yoga class; Methods of customizing Yoga class to meet individual needs. The student will have demonstrations and training in the above mentioned aspects of teaching methods.
• Evaluation methods of an ideal Yoga class
• Methods of customizing Yoga class to meet individual needs
• The student will have demonstrations and training in the above mentioned aspects of teaching methods
Topic 7: Yoga classroom: Essential features, Area, Sitting arrangement in Yoga class, Student’s approach to the teacher: Pranipaata; Pariprashna; Seva; (BG 4.34).
• Essential features
• Area
• Sitting arrangement in Yoga class
• Student’s approach to the teacher: Pranipaata
• Pariprashna
• Seva
• (BG 4.34)
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Unit X: Practical Yoga.
Topic 1: Yogic Practices – Shatkarma, Asana, Pranayama, Mudra, Bandha, Dhyana, Surya Namaskara (Techniques, Salient Features, Benefits).
• Shatkarmas: Vamandhauti, Vastradhauti, Dandadhauti, Laghoo and Poorna sankhaprakshalana, Neti (Sutra and Jala), Kapalbhati(Vaatkrama,Vyutakrama & Sheetkarma), Agnisara, Nauli, Tratak
• Suryanamaskar- Suryanamaskar must be practiced traditionally
• Asanas (yogic postures) Standing Postures-Ardhakatichakrasana, Padahastasana, Ardhachakrasana, Trikonasana, Parivrittatrikonasana, Parsvakonasana, Veerasana
• Sitting postures-Paschimottanasana, Suptavajrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Vakrasana, Baddhakonasana, Merudandasana, Akarnadhanurasana, Gomukhasana
• Prone postures- Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, Dhanurasana, Urdhvamukhosvanasana, Makarasana
• Supine postures- Halasana, Chakrasana, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana, Shavasana, Setubandhasana
• Balancing postures- Virkshasana, Garudasana, Namaskarasana, Tittibhasana, Natrajasana
• Pranayama: Breath awareness, Sectional breathing, Nadishuddhi, Suryabhedan, Ujjai , Sitali, Sitkari, Bhattrika, Bhramari, Bahyavritti, Abhyantarvritti, Stambhavritti Pranayama
• Practices leading to Meditation: Pranav and Soham Japa, Yoga Nidra, Antarmauna, Ajapa Jap, Practices leading to Breath Meditation, Practices leading to Om Meditation, Practices leading to Vipassana Meditation, Practices leading to Preksha Meditation
• Bandhas and Mudras: Mula Bandha, Jalandhara Bandha, Uddiyana Bandha, Maha Bandha, Yoga Mudra, Maha Mudra, Shammukhi Mudra, Tadagi Mudra, VipareetKarni Mudra
• Contemporary Yogic Practices – Yogic Sukshma Vyayama (Swami Dheerendra Brahmchari), Cyclic Meditation (S-VYASA); Mind Sound Resonance Technique (S-VYASA); Transcendental Meditation (Maharshi Mahesh Yogi); Yoga Nidra (BSY); Savita Ki Dhyan Dharana (DSVV)
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EXAMINATION STRUCTURE
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Paper-II: Subject Specific Examination
- Total Questions: 100
- Total Marks: 200
- Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Negative Marking: No
- Duration: 3 Hours (Combined with Paper I)
- Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY
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Total Units: 10
Total Topics: 81
Subject: Yoga
Subject Code: 100
Exam Category: UGC-NET Paper-II
Source: Official NTA/UGC Syllabus
Status: “As per latest official syllabus”
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